the passenger line planning is a process of strategic long-term decision-making problem in the field of railway passenger planning. a line is a route between starting point and destination with certain stops, which has a certain frequency of train schedule. a new solution based on decomposition algorithm has been proposed in this paper, which is defined in a master problem and two sub problems....

High overhead involved in flooding while route creation is a limiting factor of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol applied for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). During data delivery, it seems that we fully benefit from DSR if the route is not long enough. In this paper, we propose two modifications of DSR algorithm to enhance its performance. In the modified approach of DSR, to reduce broadca...

In this paper, we propose an ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing algorithm for mobile ad-hoc networks taking into account node mobility. Changeable topology of such mobile ad-hoc networks provokes overhead messages in order to search available routes and maintain found routes. The overhead messages impede data delivery from sources to destination and deteriorate network performance. To ove...

Optimizations to reduce handoff delays inherent in Mobile IPv6 Route Optimization as well as IPv6 router discovery, address configuration, and movement detection have so far been mostly considered on an individual basis. This document evaluates three integrated solutions for improved handoff experience in surroundings with different preconditions: reactive handoffs with unmodified routers, reac...

many appealing multicast services such as on-demand tv, teleconference, online games and etc. can benefit from high available bandwidth in multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks. when multiple simultaneous transmissions use a similar channel to transmit data packets, network performance degrades to a large extant. designing a good multicast tree to route data packets could enhance the...

PURPOSE Reduction of alveolar height and width after tooth extraction may present problems for implant placement, since bone volume is important for biologic and esthetic reasons. The aim of this study was to assess bone healing of large bone defects grafted with collagen sheets and maintenance of reactive soft tissue, evaluating cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and histomorphometric ...

multi-criteria shortest path problems (mspp) are called as np-hard. for mspps, a unique solution for optimizing all the criteria simultaneously will rarely exist in reality. algorithmic and approximation schemes are available to solve these problems; however, the complexity of these approaches often prohibits their implementation on real-world applications. this paper describes the development ...

Reactive power plays an important role in supporting real power transmission, maintaining system voltages within proper limits and overall system reliability. In this paper, the production cost of reactive power, cost of the system transmission loss, investment cost of capacitor banks and absolute value of total voltage deviation (TVD) are included into the objective function of the power flow ...

Area bloat in physical synthesis not only increases power dissipation, but also creates congestion problems, forces designers to enlarge the die area, rerun the whole design flow, and postpone the design deadline. As a result, it is vital for physical synthesis tools to achieve timing closure and low power consumption with intelligent area control. The major sources of area increase in a typica...

The Chinese Postman Problem has many applications, including robot exploration, and analysing interactive system and web site usability. This paper reviews the wide range of applications of the problem and presents complete, executable code to solve it for the case of directed multigraphs. A variation called the ‘open Chinese Postman Problem’ is also introduced and solved. Although optimisation...