Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Gd5Ge 4(010) does not show evidence of surface segregation. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals two types of terraces which alternate laterally on the surface. From the step heights, these two surface terminations are assigned as dense, Gd-pure layers in the bulk structure. There is evidence of reconstruction on one type of terrace.

Euler’s totient function φ has the property that φ(n) is the order of the group U(n) of units in Zn (the integers mod n). In the early years of the twentieth century, Carmichael defined a similar function λ, where λ(n) is the exponent of U(n). He called an element of U(n) with order λ(n) a primitive λ-root of n. Subsequently, primitive λ-roots have not received much attention until recently, wh...

Nanoindentation has proved to be a technique capable of elucidating the mechanical properties of solid surfaces. Along with recent studies [1,2], our investigation deals with the initial stages of plastic deformation in a solid. In previous works [3,4] we have recognized and characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) the generation around a nanoindentation trace in Au(001) of two type...

Background Brazil is a country of Portuguese colonization with massive numbers of immigrants and Portuguese descendants (25 millions). At least half of all Brazilian Y chromosomes are from Portuguese origin. Nevertheless, this population suffered miscegenation with native Indians and African descendants. African descendants Brazilians have 48% of non-African genes, probably from Portuguese asce...

The Carboneras fault is one of three principal Cenozoic strike-slip faults in the Betic Cordillera of southeastern Spain. In this study, we characterize the paleoseismic history of the Carboneras fault by examining the evidence for lateral offset of 85-180 ka ‘Iyrrhenian marine terraces, by dating the left-lateral stream-channel offsets in La Serrata, and by postulating a late Holocene coastal ...

Human land use legacies have significant and long-lasting ecological impacts across landscapes. Investigating ancient (>400 years) legacy effects can be problematic due to the difficulty in detecting specific, historic land uses, especially those hidden beneath dense canopies. Caracol, the largest (~200 km2) Maya archaeological site in Belize, was abandoned ca. A.D. 900, leaving behind myriad s...

Overland flow connectivity and runoff and sediment trap effectiveness are currently the cutting edge topics in soil erosion research. The effect of agricultural terraces, irrigation channels and trails on runoff and soil erosion modelling at catchment scale is still a remaining research question. In this study we run the index of connectivity of Borselli et al. (2008) and a modified version of ...

Rock glaciers are abundant in the Lahul and Garhwal Himalayas of northern India and the Karakoram Mountains of northern Pakistan. They exhibit morainic and protalus forms and are restricted altitudinally and climatically to sites above approximately 4000 m asl. and regions where annual precipitation is less than 1000 mm. In these areas, morainic rock glaciers are large, usually )1 km long, )100...

The Kaik?ura Earthquake uplifted Peninsula by ??1 m. Uplift in 2016 mainly resulted from slip on an offshore thrust fault (OSTF), modelled to splay the plate-interface, and was further influenced two newly identified faults (Armers Beach Fault, ABF; Te Taumanu TTF) mapped onshore differential lidar (D-lidar). Forward dislocation modelling indicates that peninsula uplift can be reproduced mean o...