The crystallization behavior of polycrystalline silicon (Si) and germanium-silicon alloys (GexSil-x) from Sill4 and GeH4, where x is in the range of 0-0.32, has been investigated for thin film transistor (TFT) applications. Furnace anneals as well as rapid thermal anneal (RTA) and combinations of these two techniques have been used to crystallize amorphously deposited thin ( _< 100 nm) films. T...

Accurate prediction of pollutant emissions from turbulent combustion around complex geometries is of great practical interest. Here, an industrial furnace with rich-burn/quick-quench/lean-burn combustion for NOx reduction is simulated. Large eddy simulation (LES) is employed as the simulation tool since it outperforms Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations in capturing large-scale u...

The walking beam furnace (WBF) plays a critical role in a steel production factory, and has complex nonlinear dynamic behaviour. Thus, using the conventional physical principles to build a model of the process leads to a time-consuming modeling procedure and when the number of operating set-points in walking beam furnace increases the conventional modeling problem difficultly will be solved, in...

The lichen transplant monitoring methodology has been tested for source apportionment of metal deposition around the Cu smelter and former mining town of Karabash. Transplants of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., collected from a 'control' site in July 2001, were set up at 10 stations along a 60 km NE-SW transect centred on Karabash. Samples were collected after 2 and 3 month monitoring...

A rapid, simple method based on graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is described for the direct determination of arsenic in coal fly ash. Solid samples were directly introduced into the atomizer without preliminary treatment. The direct analysis method was not always free of spectral matrix interference, but the stabilization of arsenic by adding palladium nitrate (chemical modifier...

The manufacture of optical fibers typically involves taking a solid glass cylinder (a blank or preform), heating it up to melting temperature by feeding it through a cylindrical furnace (the drawing tower), and drawing the molten blank from the other end of the furnace at high speed (tens of meters per second). Since the drawing speed is much faster than the feeding speed (by a factor of at lea...

This study set out to assess the respirable mass, surface area, and number concentrations of the alpha-quartz content particles (C(r-m), C(r-s) and C(r-n)) to which workers were exposed in six different exposure groups, the raw material handling (n=10), crushing (n=12), mixing (n=12), forming (n=10), furnace (n=10), and packaging (n=10), in a refractory material manufacturing plant. For C(r-m),...

hot spots are among the most serious operational issues in furnaces as they may result in the destruction of tubes. hence, it is essential to locate such hot spots precisely on the tube surfaces inside the industrial furnaces in order to secure a safe design and operation. in the current study, we have extended the model proposed by talmor in order to precisely locate the combustion hot spots o...

This paper focuses on the reheat furnace scheduling problem (RFSP) which is to assign the slabs to the reheat furnace, make the slab sequence for each furnace and determine the feed-in time and the residence time for each slab in order to reduce the unnecessary energy consumption reflected by minimising the objective under consideration. Differing from the traditional scheduling problem, the ac...

The kinetics of brittle phase transformation in cast duplex stainless steels CD3MN and CD3MWCuN was investigated under continuous cooling conditions. Cooling rates slower than 5 °C/min. were obtained using a conventional tube furnace with a programable controller. In order to obtain controlled high cooling rates, a furnace equipped to grow crystals by means of the Bridgman method was used. Samp...