This paper defends reductionism about testimonial justification of beliefs against two influential arguments. One is the empirical argument to the effect that the reductionist justification of our trust in testimony is either circular since it relies on testimonial evidence or else there is scarce evidence in support of our trust in testimony. The other is the transcendental argument to the eff...

Biomedical science is experiencing a reassessment of its practices healthcare management where more appropriate cost-benefit profiles are being combined with improvements in knowledge, effectiveness, and safety diagnostic/therapeutic procedures to drive the advances medicine. This review aims assess: (a) possible biases scientific literature research, (b) clinical value cost-effectiveness princ...

Conventional approaches for academic research on the Internet are strongly tied to Western reductionism and tend to narrow the scope of research into specific fields, and they sometimes fail to grasp the Internet as architecture. There are so many activities and technical developments that have occurred outside academic societies. It has passed six years since the Internet Architecture (IA) Tec...