Integrated Fixed-Film/Activated Sludge (IFAS) technologies have been gaining wide popularity as an innovative and efficient treatment process for achieving nitrification in refining and petro-chemical wastewater treatment plants. IFAS technologies are sometimes referred to as Hybrid systems as the process combines the benefits of fixed film systems into the suspended growth activated sludge pro...

In the recent past, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have shown the ability to learn and capture non-linear static or dynamic behaviour among variables based on the given set of data. Since the knowledge of internal procedure is not necessary, the modelling can take place with minimum previous knowledge about the process through proper training of the network. In the present study, 12 ANN base...

Conventional biological treatment process is not very efficient for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) that contains high-concentration of organic contaminants. Prior to biological treatment, an additional pretreatment process for PRW is required for the effluent to meet the discharge standards. While re-circulated bio-filter (RBF) has been applied as a pretreatment process in...

In this study, characterization of filtrated cake of sludge drying section from a petroleum refinery wastewater treatment plant in Melaka was carried out with the objective to analyze its chemical, physical and fuel characteristics. Proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and higher heating value (HHV) are very important in chemical and fuel characterization. Dielectric properties and density tes...

The conceptual framework of a new system, Collaborative Refinery, is motivated by a scenario involving the creation of an FAQ. The scenario introduces the concepts of collecting, culling, organizing and distilling. Distilling is a specialized form of collaborative authoring with support for content selection and genre. The Web-based user interface supporting access to the four conceptual functi...

Conclusions The highest incidence of allergy was recorded among refinery patients. The present study revealed that the percentages of 80 and 42 pathogenic strains were isolated from 74 and 39 allergic patients with respiratory infections from refinery and nonrefinery hospitalized patients respectively. The high incidence of asthma and respiratory infections in the oil refinery plant could be du...

This study examined the impact strategy, core competence, and involvement of HR executives in strategic decision making on the refinery managers' evaluation of the effectiveness of HR and refinery performance among 86 U.S. petro-chemical refineries. Survey results indicated that higher involvement of HR in organizational strategy was strongly related to perceptions of HR effectiveness, and that...

Caustic scrubbing is a technology that has been used for the removal of H2S and other acid species from gases in different industries for many years. Improvements in design and control strategies, favorable prices for caustic compared with other non-regenerable H2S scavenging chemicals, and the potential for sales value for the NaHS (sodium bisulfide) product have made caustic scrubbing an econ...

The accumulative levels of SO2 in soil and plant's leaves around an oil refinery were monitored. Four different sites around the refinery area were chosen; west, south east, north east and the northern side. The refinery southern side was not accessible. In addition to the soil samples, leaves samples of the dominant plants species Myoporum pictum were randomly collected from all sites. Highly ...

1 Data 1.1 U.S. Refineries 1.1.1 Sources of data I match and compile three data sets on characteristics and imports of U.S. refineries collected by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA): (i) capacity of distillation unit and upgrading units (parts 6-7 of form EIA-820: annual refinery report); (ii) imports of crude oil, (form EIA-814: monthly imports report) (iii) domestic purchases o...