In order to study climate at scales where policy decisions can be made, regional climate models (RCMs) have been developed with much finer resolution (∼50 km) than the ∼500 km resolution of atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). The North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) is an international program that provides 50-km resolution climate output for the...

Modern land-use planning and conservation strategies at landscape to country scales worldwide require complete and accurate digital representations of river networks, encompassing all channels including the smallest headwaters. The digital river networks, integrated with widely available digital elevation models, also need to have analytical capabilities to support resource management and conse...

© The Ecological Society of America www.frontiersinecology.org F hundreds of years, humans have been introducing plants, animals, and other organisms around the world, in a relatively slow process of globalizing the Earth’s biota (DiCastri 1989). More recently, the pace of this process has increased with modern trade, travel, and technology, so that biological invasions have become a consequenc...

as putin regained the power in russia, the situation gave a second chance to this country to avoid both the west and the benefits of convergence with its foreign policy and regional and trans-regional equations. this can take advantages from other side. approach of russia to divergence and independence with the west will increase level of russian hegemony on international arena. the main questi...

Understanding factors that influence population connectivity and the spatial distribution of genetic variation is a major goal in molecular ecology. Improvements in the availability of high-resolution geographic data have made it increasingly possible to quantify the effects of landscape features on dispersal and genetic structure. However, most studies examining such landscape effects have bee...

the patents’ term prolongation through protecting the new detected uses is the problematic matter that has been seriously attended by the developed countries in recent years. iranian legislators’ uncertainty toward the subject within the respective legislatures illustrates the legal importance of taking a stance, which is consistent with the primary principles of patent law and international ob...