The comma is the most common form of punctuation. As such, it may have the greatest effect on the syntactic analysis of a sentence. As an isolate language, Chinese sentences have fewer cues for parsing. The clues for segmentation of a long Chinese sentence are even fewer. However, the average frequency of comma usage in Chinese is higher than other languages. The comma plays an important role i...

In 1957, Francis Crick et al. suggested an ingenious explanation for the process of frame maintenance. The idea was based on the notion of comma-free codes. Although Crick's hypothesis proved to be wrong, in 1996, Arquès and Michel discovered the existence of a weaker version of such codes in eukaryote and prokaryote genomes, namely the so-called circular codes. Since then, circular code theory...

We consider a 2-impurity Kondo system with spin-exchange coupling within the conduction band. Our numerical renormalization group calculations show that for strong intraband spin correlations competition of these screening stabilizes metallic spin-liquid phase localized spins without geometric frustration. For weak liquid and singlet are separated by two quantum transitions an intermediate RKKY...