Problems of self-interaction arise in both classical and quantum field theories. To understand how such problems are to be addressed a theory the Dirac electromagnetic fields (quantum electrodynamics), we can start by analyzing these fields. In theory, electron has spread-out distribution charge that avoids some facing point models. However, there remains problem will experience self-repulsion....

Dust particles on a nonconductive surface are known to acquire electric charge and detach from the under plasma conditions and/or when affected by ultraviolet radiation. Similar phenomena occur as result of electrostatic cleaning (shedding) well in nature, e.g., observing levitation dust above lunar surface. A detachment should forces their repulsion Fc exceed sum gravitation Fg adhesive van de...

Many biological systems are appropriately viewed as passive inclusions immersed in an active bath: from proteins on active membranes to microscopic swimmers confined by boundaries. The nonequilibrium forces exerted by the active bath on the inclusions or boundaries often regulate function, and such forces may also be exploited in artificial active materials. Nonetheless, the general phenomenolo...

I n previous chapters, we have shown how you can use ball-and-stick models to predict the general arrangements in space of organic molecules. The sticks correspond to chemical bonds, which we represent in structural formulas as lines, or in Lewis struc'tures as pairs of dots denoting shared pairs of electrons. Remembering that electrons and nuclei are charged particles, and that it is electrica...