This paper presents an effective optimization method for nonlinear constrained optimization of retaining structures. The proposed algorithm is based on the particle swarm optimization with passive congregation. The optimization procedure controls all geotechnical and structural design constraints while reducing the overall cost of the retaining wall. To applying the constraints, the algorithm e...

Although manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient, toxicity has been demonstrated in workers accidentally exposed to large amounts. Chronic exposure to Mn can damage the nervous system and respiratory tract and result in symptoms similar to Parkinson disease. to Mn are more likely to develop Parkinson disease than the rest of the population, especially at an early age.5 Mn has been shown to inte...