Abstract Available freshwater resources are becoming harder to obtain due climate change, population growth, industrial development, and water pollution. The main technologies in the field of wastewater desalination include reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, thermal distillation, adsorption etc. Capacitive deionization technology (CDI) belongs a novel electrochemical with low energy consumption ...

Reverse osmosis is the most widely used desalination technology for treating irrigation water. removes both monovalent ions detrimental to crops (Na+,Cl?) and divalent beneficial (Ca2+,Mg2+,SO42?). Fertilizer must then be added desalinated water reintroduce these nutrients. Unlike reverse osmosis, selective electrodialysis selectively while retaining in This paper investigates selectivity cost ...

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) are emerging membrane-based technologies that can convert chemical energy in salinity gradients to useful work. The two processes have intrinsically different working principles: controlled mixing in PRO is achieved by water permeation across salt-rejecting membranes, whereas RED is driven by ion flux across charged membranes. Th...