• Geoarchaeological data provide water levels for the Rhine millennial flood in 1374. Raised ground directly overlying beds may improve level reconstruction. Reconstructed throughout delta are compared to a modern flood. Embankment and flow division alter palaeoflood interpretations lowland settings. Reconstructing reached during past floods contributes fluvial system understanding risk assessm...

Monitoring and forecasting of natural vegetation succession is essential for optimal management of river floodplain ecosystems in Western Europe. For example the development of woody vegetation types (e.g., softwood forest) increases the hydraulic resistance of the floodplain and can have negative effects on the discharge capacity of the river. However, from a biodiversity point-of-view this de...