Cluster based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for better performance in terms of energy efficiency. Efficient use of energy is challenging task of designing these protocols. Energy holed are created due to quickly drain the energy of a few nodes due to non-uniform distribution in the network. Normally, energy holes make the data routing failure when nodes transmit data bac...

mobile ad hoc networks (manets) are composed of mobile stations communicating through wireless links, without any fixed backbone support. in these networks, limited power energy supply, and frequent topology changes caused by node mobility, makes their routing a challenging problem. tora is one of the routing protocols that successfully copes with the nodes’ mobility side effects, but it doesn’...

BACKGROUND Patients undergoing facedown positioning have to overcome physical and psychological challenges; however, their perspective and experience are rarely documented in the research literature. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the content of a self-motivated diary written by a person who underwent 77 days of facedown positioning after macular hole surgery. Her narra...

Diffuse competition due to niche overlap between actors without (direct) ties with each other, constrains their structural autonomy. This is not dealt with in Burt’s mathematical model of his well-known structural holes theory. We fix his model by introducing a network measure of niche overlap. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: L0; L1

Effective and congestion-aware routing is vital to the performance of network-on-chip. The efficient routing algorithm undoubtedly relies on the considered selection strategy. If the routing function returns a number of more than one permissible output ports, a selection function is exploited to choose the best output port to reduce packets latency. In this paper, we introduce a new selection s...

multi-path is favorite alternative for sensor networks, as it provides an easy mechanism to distributetraffic, as well as considerate fault tolerance. in this paper, a new clustering based multi path routingprotocol namely ecrr (energy efficient cluster based routing algorithm for improving reliability) isproposed, which is a new routing algorithm and guarantees the achievement to required qos ...

multicast routing is one of the most important services in multi radio multi channel (mrmc) wireless mesh networks (wmn). multicast routing performance in wmns could be improved by choosing the best routes and the routes that have minimum interference to reach multicast receivers. in this paper we want to address the multicast routing problem for a given channel assignment in wmns. the channels...

in recent years mobile networks have expanded dramatically, compared with other wireless networks. routing protocols in these networks are designed with the assumption that there is no attacker node, so routing protocols are vulnerable to various attacks in these networks. in this paper, we review the network layer attacks and then we simulate the impact of black hole attack on ad hoc on demand...

The paper investigates the effects of collaboration networks on inventive productivity within an industrial research environment. A distinction is made between two kinds of network structures: structural holes offering information brokerage opportunities to individuals and network closures supporting co-specialization of individuals. Hypotheses regarding the effects of network positions on the ...

in this paper, we propose a scheme to improve existing ad-hoc on-demanddistance vector (aodv) routing protocol by discovering and maintaining multiplenon-overlapped routes. our routing protocol is a multipath version of aodvrouting protocol that considers only the disjoint path. due to non-overlappingamong paths, when a link breaks in the network, only one of paths is expired. thepresented rout...