The rising human population in urban environments drives the mission towards smart cities, which envisions a wide deployment of sensors in order to improve the quality of living. In this regard, opportunistic networks (OppNets) present an economical means of collecting delay tolerant data from sensors to their respective gateways for providing various Smart City services. Due to the distributed...

Reactive routing protocols are gaining popularity due to their event driven nature day by day. In this vary paper, reactive routing is studied precisely. Route request, route reply and route maintenance phases are modeled with respect to control overhead. Control overhead varies with respect to change in various parameters. Our model calculates these variations as well. Besides modeling, we cho...

One of the key challenges in current Internet routing is the application of improved bio-inspired algorithms in deriving the path towards the destination. Current routing trends determine the optimal path based on throughput, delay or combination of these two metric. Here in this paper, we compare the performance of the two algorithms, AntHocNet (AHN) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) for determ...

This paper presents a thorough survey of current work addressing multicast routing protocols with low control overhead in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many different issues and solutions which witness the need of group management in ad hoc wireless networks. The goal of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receiv...

Appropriate routing protocol in data transfer is a challenging problem of network in terms of lower end-to-end delay in delivery of data packets with improving packet delivery ratio and lower overhead as well. In this paper we explain an effective and scalable AODV (called as AODV-ES) for Wireless Ad hoc Sensor Networks (WASN) by using third party reply model, n-hop local ring and time-to-live ...

Ants-based routing algorithms have attracted the attention of researchers because they are more robust, reliable, and scalable than other conventional routing algorithms. Since they do not involve extra message exchanges to maintain paths when network topology changes, they are suitable for mobile ad-hoc networks where nodes move dynamically and topology changes frequently. As the number of nod...

Fire fighters often work in dangerous and dynamic environments, which results in frequent change of network topologies and routing requirements. While the existing routing protocols are not able to cope with such a changeable environment, this paper proposes a self adaptive hybrid routing algorithm. This routing algorithm can switch between the proactive routing algorithm and reactive routing a...

Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) provides a flexible solution for discovering and maintaining routes in the MANET. By adopting the idea of Fisheye State Routing in ZRP, a more efficient protocol called Fisheye Zone Routing Protocol (FZRP) was proposed in the paper. FZRP provides the advantage of a larger zone with only a little increase of the maintenance overhead. Two levels of routing zone are def...

The evolution of Smart City projects is pushing researchers and companies to develop more efficient embedded hardware and also more efficient communication technologies. These communication technologies are the focus of this work, presenting a new routing algorithm based on dynamically-allocated sub-networks and node roles. Among these features, our algorithm presents a fast set-up time, a redu...

Routing in MANET is different from routing in wired network. One way to reduce routing overhead is to divide the network into clusters. Clustering of nodes into groups efficiently minimizes routing traffic overhead. Several algorithms have been proposed by researchers for formation of clusters and election of cluster heads. Most of the algorithms consider only one performance factor such as nod...