T he units that are subject to selection pressure in evolutionary biology are ‘‘strategies,’’ which are conditional actions (for example, do P if X occurs; otherwise do Q). In contrast, the units in economics (they are called ‘‘people’’) select strategies from available menus so as to further their projects and purposes. If evolutionary dynamics involves mindless competition among strategies, e...

Corpus callosum stimulation produced by chronically implanted electrodes, placed either by craniotomy or stereotactically, failed to control refractory generalized epilepsy in humans and also in experimentally produced penicillin epilepsy in cats. However, the patients that suffered craniotomy, frontal lobe retraction or pneumoencephalograms, without callosal section, showed remarkable improvem...

The editorial office of the Journal of Islamic Dental Association of Iran has recently determined that an original article entitled “Stress Distribution in Three-Implant- Retained Mandibular Overdentures Using Finite Element Analysis” authored by Ahmadzadeh A, Golmohammadi F, Mousavi N, Epakchi S. published in thewinter 2015 issue of the Journal of Islamic Dental Association of Iran [Journal of...

Let (X,‖ · ‖) be an infinite-dimensional Banach space with the unit ball B and the unit sphere S. Since the works of Nowak [11], Benyamini and Sternfeld [1], and Lin and Sternfeld [10], it is known that S is a Lipschitzian retract of B. It means that there exists a mapping (retraction) R : B → S satisfying Rx = x for all x ∈ S and also being Lipschitzian. If R satisfies the Lipschitz condition ...