abstract reading is a cognitive activity involving skills, strategies, attentional resources, knowledge resources and their integration. the reader’s role is to decode the written symbols to allow for the recovery of information from long-term memory to construct a plausible interpretation of the writer’s message. various number of reading models have been proposed by researchers among which so...

The purpose of the research was to determine experimentally whether the addition of features to enhance learner motivation and collaboration, termed motivational scaffolding, to the ‘‘traditional’’ distance learning design improved engagement, and performance, particularly among procrastinators. Two versions of a web-based five-credit study skills course, both covering the same content and shar...

This article reports on a case study that explored the process of wiki-based collaborative writing in a small group of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students at a Chinese university. The study examined the archived logs from the group wiki “Discussion” and “History” modules with a focus on the group members’ scaffolded interaction when co-constructing texts in the wiki space. The analysis...

Some scholars argue that students do not achieve higher level learning, or cognitive presence, in online courses. Online discussion has been proposed to bridge this gap between online and face-to-face learning environments. However, the literature indicates that the conventional approach to online discussion – asking probing questions – does not necessarily advance the discussion through the ph...

In some evolutionary robotics experiments, evolved robots are transferred from simulation to reality, while sensor/motor data flows back from reality to improve the next transferral. We envision a generalization of this approach: a simulation-to-reality pipeline. In this pipeline, increasingly embodied agents flow up through a sequence of increasingly physically realistic simulators, while data...

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Streptopelia turtur (the European turtle dove; Chordata; Aves; Columbidae). The sequence is 1.18 gigabases in span. majority of the scaffolded into 35 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with W and Z sex chromosomes assembled.

purpose : design and establishment of persian near reading card for clinical use and practice methods : at first, card dimension, word and character size and specifications were calculated. then, english near reading card, richmond product inc, was considered as a template. context and syntax contribute to reading accuracy and efficacy of the richmond card was considered for designed persian ca...

A recent re-validation of Postgraduate Awards and a move from fifteen to twenty credit modules provided an opportunity to re-think and restructure modules. This research looks at one specific module titled Research and Professional Skills which was restructured to implement a scaffolded approach to delivering the module aimed at increasing the students’ confidence as well as their academic rese...

Within the field of Mobile Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (mCSCL), we are interested in exploring the space of collaborative activities that enable students to practice communication, negotiation and decision-making skills. Collaboration is via learning activities that circumvent the constraints of fixed seating or locations of students. This paper presents one such collaborative lea...