Mutations occurring in sporadic epithelial ovarian carcinomas are reviewed and their functional significance in terms of prognosis and prediction of anticancer drug activity are discussed. Alterations in the BRCA1/2 genes, TP53, PTEN, PI3Kinase, KRAS/BRAF and CTNNB1 are described. TP53 is likely to be a driver in high grade serous tumours, but is less useful than BRCA status in prediction of re...

As cross-sectional imaging has become more common, there has been a marked increase in the incidental detection of cystic pancreatic lesions. It is estimated that more than a third of these are found in asymptomatic patients. Although knowledge of the natural history of cystic lesions is incomplete at this time, it is known that some cystic pancreatic lesions, including pseudocysts and serous c...

Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women, with most cases being classified as early stage endometrioid tumors that carry a favorable prognosis. The endometrial serous histological subtype (ESC), however, while only accounting for 10% of all endometrial cancers is responsible for a disproportionate number of deaths. Unlike the estrogen-dependent, well differentiated endom...

Oleander poisoning, though widely seen in the Mediterranean region, is rarely Nepal. The poisonous effect of fodder due to accidental ingestion different parts ‘oleandrin’ which contains cardiac glycosides called cardenolides causing mortality animals. In our study, 8 lactating cows were affected after oleander leaves accidentally mixed and chopped with Napier. After fodder, out cows, 5 died in...

CASE REPORT A 47 year-old female who presented with a bilateral idiopathic multiple pigment epithelial detachment (PED) in a routine visit. This pathology is shown as a rare clinical manifestation, where the outcome is resolution of localized atrophy of the pigment epithelium, with a good functional prognosis. DISCUSSION PED is a common clinical manifestation in several chorioretinal diseases...

Serous borderline ovarian tumors (SBOTs) represent group of tumors with cellular atypia and absent stromal invasion. Many studies support that SBOTs share similar molecular and genetic alterations with low-grade serous carcinomas, while high-grade serous carcinomas have a distinct pathway to carcinogenesis. Here we present a 55-year-old woman who underwent exploratory laparotomy and maximal deb...

CD103-positive tissue resident memory-like CD8+ T cells (CD8CD103 TRM) are associated with improved prognosis across malignancies, including high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). However, whether quantification of CD8, CD103 or both is required to improve existing survival prediction and all HGSOC patients only specific subgroups benefit from infiltration, remains unclear. To address this q...

Central serous chorioretinopathy is a relatively common retinal disease characterized by the accumulation of subretinal fluid at the posterior pole of the fundus, creating a circumscribed area of serous retinal detachment. It typically affects young and middle-aged men with no previous medical and family history, and no systemic symptoms or signs. However, it has been noted that central serous ...