A photoanode material ZnO nanoflower (ZNFs) for efficient dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was prepared. This unique structure can significantly increase the specific surface area and amount of light absorption, leading to a higher short-circuit current density. Furthermore, ZNFs resulted in closer spacing between the nanorods and more direct conduction paths for electrons, leading to higher op...

As MOSFET sizes and wire widths become very small in recent years, in uence of resistive component of interconnects on the estimation of propagation delay and power dissipation can no longer be neglected. In this paper we present formulas of output waveform at driving point and short-circuit power dissipation for static CMOS logic gates driving a CRC load. By representing the short-circuit curr...

a high accurate and low-voltage analog cmos current divider which operates with a single power supply voltage is designed in 0.18µm cmos standard technology. the proposed divider uses a differential amplifier and transistor in triode region in order to perform the division. the proposed divider is modeled with neural network while tlbo algorithm is used to optimize it. the proposed optimization...

The electric current is omnipresent and indispensable in our life. But there are always threatening dangers connected with it. One of them is the electric short circuit and we have to protect people and facilities from its effects. This protection is often provided by power circuit breakers or motor protective circuit breakers. These devices are able to detect the short circuit, limit the curre...

Sodium ion influx and outflux were measured sinmltaneously, with two radioactive isotopes, in the cat ciliary body isolated in vitro. Measurements of membrane potential or short-circuit current were made concurrently with the isotope studies. In the non-short-circuited membrane, where the membrane electromotive force assisted sodium influx, the sodium ion current was two to three times larger t...

Short-circuit currents contribute signiicantly to the total power consumption of CMOS circuits. In this paper we describe a procedure to characterize libraries of standard cells in order to extract information on the power dissipation to be used later in logic-level simulators. Ours is a black box approach in which cells are characterized without looking at the internal nodes. The objective is ...

A high-speed earthing switch (HSES) of a gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) performs a secondary role in protecting the power system in the event of an accident. After being interrupted by a circuit breaker (CB), the short-circuit current remaining in the network should be earthed by the HSES. However, as the contacts of the HSES may have been damaged by a pre-arc during the closing operation, the ...

The fault level represents the maximum short circuit current that a power system causes to flow to the point of short circuit. Due to change of network configuration, the fault level at any point of the power system network changes accordingly. It is not practical to apply full short circuit on the system in order to determine the fault level. This paper describes scheme for continuous measurin...

An analytical model of an amorphous silicon p-i-n solar cell is presented to describe its photovoltaic behavior under short-circuit conditions. It has been developed from the analysis of numerical simulation results. These results reproduce the experimental illumination dependence of short-circuit resistance, which is the reciprocal slope of the I(V) curve at the short-circuit point. The recomb...