Industrial expansion around Beijing in China has resulted in the increasing pollution of surface waters. This paper reports on the application of a contingent valuation survey to determine the value to the Beijing population of maintaining river water quality in one or all the rivers in the region. The survey revealed that the values that the population have for clean river water include a cons...

Student assessment is one of the most fundamental tasks in field AI Education (AIEd). One common approach to student Knowledge Tracing (KT), which evaluates a student's knowledge state by predicting whether will answer given question correctly or not. However, context multiple choice (polytomous) questions, conventional KT approaches are limited that they only consider binary (dichotomous) corr...

Economists have heralded the formulation of the expected utility theorem as a universal method of choice under uncertainty. In their seminal paper, Stigler and Becker (Stigler & Becker, 1977) declared that “human behavior can be explained by a generalized calculus of utility-maximizing behavior” (p.76). The universality of the rational choice theory has been widely criticized by psychologists, ...

In this paper, we show how a decomposition of a free choice Petri net into a \routing" network and marked graph subnetworks (i.e. linear subnetworks in the [max;+] setting) leads to new methods and algorithms to test structural as well as temporal properties of the net. Although several results hold for general free choice nets, the paper primalily focuses on the class of single input-free choi...

In this working paper we demonstrate that some of the statistical tests used by Huang and Smith in a recent Land Economics article (74(2 1998): 186-202) were erroneous, and raise concerns about their corresponding conclusions. Specifically, using data from one of the studies that they showcase, we demonstrate that Huang and Smith’s analysis suggesting statistical equality between hypothetical d...

The mammalian striatum receives its main excitatory input from the two types of cortical pyramidal neurons of layer 5 of the cerebral cortex - those with only intratelencephalic connections (IT-type) and those sending their main axon to the brainstem via the pyramidal tract (PT-type). These two neurons types are present in layer 5 of all cortical regions, and thus they appear to project togethe...