Crystallization is one of the most important phase transformations of first order. In the case of metals and alloys, the liquid phase is the parent phase of materials production. The conditions of the crystallization process control the as-solidified material in its chemical and physical properties. Nucleation initiates the crystallization of a liquid. It selects the crystallographic phase, sta...

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In situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) coupled with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to quantify antisite defect trapping during crystallization. Rietveld refinement of the XRD data revealed a marked lattice distortion which involves an a axis expansion and a c axis contraction of the stable C11b phase. The observed lattice response is proportional in magnitude to the growth rate, su...

Chemists and engineers involved in the production of solid drugs have to deal with difficult new challenges, including the on-line mastery of the crystal habits and size distribution or the control of polymorphic transitions. A major limitation to improving the control of industrial crystallizers lies in the lack of versatile and reliable on-line sensors. Supersaturation measurements can be per...

Using the atomic force microscope (AFM) in situ during the crystallization of the protein apoferritin, we show that for this system the kink density along the steps is an equilibrium property that, multiplied by the frequency of molecular attachment, fully determines the propagation of growth steps. The intermolecular bond energy is 3.2k(B)T. Point defects are nonequilibrial and are caused by i...

This study presents the development of a plug flow crystallization (PFC) platform consisting of a vortex mixer combined with a tubular reactor. Process analytical technologies (FBRM, PVM, FT-IR) were applied in-situ in order to characterize and optimize crystallizations via the use of novel flow cells. In addition to this a new calibration free method for concentration monitoring was successful...

The structure evolution behaviors of NiAu nanospindles in oxidizing/vacuum conditions were studied by in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy. The spindle structure transforms into Ni@Au@NiO multi-shell structure in the oxidizing atmosphere following an oxidation-driving multilayer reconstruction mechanism. In the vacuum condition, the NiAu nanospindles evolve along four distinct stag...

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a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Work function Indium tin oxide Zinc indium tin oxide Transparent conducting oxide Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Thin film X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) studies were made of in situ RF magnetron-sputtered crystalline (c) and amorphous (a) Zn–In–Sn–O (ZITO) thin films, ex situ pulsed laser deposited...

A new cocrystal of pyrazinamide with oxalic acid was prepared mechanochemically and characterized by PXRD, Raman spectroscopy, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, DTA-TG, and SEM. Based on powder X-ray diffraction data the structure was solved. The formation pathway of the reaction was studied in situ using combined synchrotron PXRD and Raman spectroscopy. Using oxalic acid dihydrate the initially ne...