as a result of rule of law ideal, judges are required to act in accordance with laws. the ideal is justified by some political values: political liberty, legal liberty , personal liberty and equality. citizens are subject only to the law not to the arbitrary will or judgment of another who wields coercive government power. but in some cases law is indeterminate. in these cases there is an impor...

BACKGROUND The macroevolutionary pattern of Rensch's Rule (positive allometry of sexual size dimorphism) has had mixed support in turtles. Using the largest carapace length dataset and only large-scale body mass dataset assembled for this group, we determine (a) whether turtles conform to Rensch's Rule at the order, suborder, and family levels, and (b) whether inferences regarding allometry of ...

We develop a new method for placing a given context-free grammar into Greibach normal form with only polynomial increase of its size. Starting with an arbitrary "-free context-free grammar G, we transform G into an equivalent context-free grammar H in extended Greibach normal form; i.e., in addition to rules, fulllling the Greibach normal form properties, the grammar can have chain rules. The s...

In 1950, Rensch noted that in clades where males are the larger sex, sexual size dimorphism (SSD) tends to be more pronounced in larger species. This fundamental allometric relationship is now known as 'Rensch's rule'. While most researchers attribute Rensch's rule to sexual selection for male size, experimental evidence is lacking. Here, we suggest that ultimate hypotheses for Rensch's rule sh...

This paper proposes a rule base compression method for fuzzy systems. The method is based on filtration of rules with identical linguistic values for the output that are known as non-monotonic rules. The filtration removes the redundant computations in the fuzzy inference with respect to the crisp values of the inputs to the fuzzy system. The method identifies the redundant rules after fuzzific...

According to the Island rule, insular populations exhibit gigantism in small species and dwarfism large species. These contexts offer opportunities test for complementary aspects pertaining evolution of body size, particularly sexual size dimorphism (SSD). ‘Rensch's rule' states that SSD should vary with increasing depending on larger sex. As a consequence, it is expected or occurring influence...

This paper solves the problem of determining the number of cells in an invertible three neighborhood null-boundary uniform cellular automaton (CA) by using its rule vector graph (RVG). The RVG represents an efficient data structure designed to characterize CA evolution and is derived out of its rule vector (RV). The concept of a horizontal rule vector subgraph (HRVS) is introduced to formulate ...