Current earth observation models do not take into account the influence of water salinity on the evaporation rate, even though the salinity influences the evaporation rate by affecting the density and latent heat of vaporization. In this paper, we adapt the SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System) model for large water bodies and add the effect of water salinity to the evaporation rate. Firstly, SE...

Global average sea surface temperature (SST) from 40øS to 60øN fluctuates ñ0.3øC on interannual period scales, with global warming (cooling) during E1 Nifio (La Nifia). About 90% of the global warming during E1 Nifio occurs in the tropical global ocean from 20øS to 20øN, half because of large SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific associated with E1 Nifio and the other half because of warm SST a...

Applied previously to momentum and heat fluxes, the present study extends the flux-variance method to latent heat and CO2 fluxes in unstable conditions. Scalar similarity is also examined among temperature (θ ), water vapour (q), and CO2 (c). Temperature is adopted as the reference scalar, leading to two feasible strategies to estimate latent heat and CO2 fluxes: the first one relies on flux-va...

Evapotranspiration (ET) and sensible heat (H) flux play a critical role in climate change; micrometeorology; atmospheric investigations; and related studies. They are two of the driving variables in climate impact(s) and hydrologic balance dynamics. Therefore, their accurate estimate is important for more robust modeling of the aforementioned relationships. The Bowen ratio energy balance method...

Using a quasi-static approach valid for Stefan numbers less than one, we derive approximate equations governing the movement of a phase change front for materials which generate internal heat. These models are applied for both constant surface temperature and constant surface heat flux boundary conditions, in cylindrical, spherical, plane wall and semi-infinite geometries. Exact solutions with ...

Spatial variability in the exchange of energy and moisture is a key control on numerous atmospheric, hydrologic, and environmental processes. Using observations made on fair weather days during the 2002 International H2O Project, four methods for quantifying the spatial variability of surface fluxes are investigated. The first two methods utilize applied statistical techniques to describe the s...