The smart grid is an important hub of interdisciplinary research where researchers from different areas of science and technology combine their efforts to enhance the traditional electrical power grid. Due to these efforts, the traditional electrical grid is now evolving. The envisioned smart grid will bring social, environmental, ethical, legal and economic benefits. Smart grid systems increas...

Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is a heuristic approach for minimizing nonlinear and non-differentiable continuous space functions (storn, 1997). However, the implementation of DE requires some estimate of the global minimum to be provided, which is difficult for any arbitrary function. Also, the termination with maximum number of iterations does not assure the global minima. Moreover, as...

This paper deals with particle swarm optimization (PSO) method to solve Combined Economic emission Dispatch Problem (CEEDP) of thermal units while satisfying the constraints such as generator capacity limits, power balance and line flow limits. PSO is a stochastic optimization process based on the movement and intelligence of swarms. The objective is to minimize the total fuel cost of generatio...

Economic load dispatch is one of the main functions of electrical power management systems. The main objective of economic load dispatch is to minimize the fuel cost while satisfying the required equality and inequality constraints. Economic Load Dispatch is a well known problem and has been a major concern for researchers and industrialists all around the world. The problem consists of divisio...