An ongoing question in paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the central African rainforest concerns the role that prehistoric metallurgy played in shaping forest vegetation. Here we report evidence of intensive iron-ore mining and smelting in forested regions of the northern Congo Basin dating to the late Holocene. Volumetric estimates on extracted iron-ore and associated slag mounds from preh...

The new Kennecott Utah Copper smelter, started in 1995, was designed to be the cleanest smelter environmentally in the world. The plant is operating at production rates above the original design capacity. Copper concentrate is smelted in an Outokumpu flash smelting furnace. Matte is granulated and processed using Kennecott-Outokumpu flash converting. Copper anodes are processed in a modernized ...

Introduction: Bulk ureilites have near-chondritic abundances of trace siderophile elements (Fig. 1), which is difficult to reconcile with any igneous model for their silicates [1]. It is particularly problematic [2-4] for the smelting model in which silicate mg (molar Mg/[Mg+Fe]) is controlled by pressure-dependent carbon redox reactions [5-7]. The smelting reaction (FeO+C→Fe+CO) predicts a cor...

BACKGROUND Persistently high sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions from platinum group metal (PGM) smelting pose a major threat to communities located around smelters. This paper examined SO2 emission trends, emission regulations and residents' perceived health risks from exposures to such emissions at Selous Metallurgical Complex (SMC) PGM smelting facility in Zimbabwe. METHODS SO2 data from roof ...

Processing resource requirements in mineral extractive industries tend to increase over time as ore grades decrease, which consequently increases the environmental footprint of operations and products. This phenomenon may be alleviated by cleaner production interventions. South Africa is largest global supplier chromium. study investigates impact process improvements on selected intensities Afr...

Resource utilization of SO2 from flue gas is a key challenge for the green development smelting industry. Recovery sulfur resources in form elemental (S0), which has high market demand and current focus field treatment, can reduce solid waste desulfurization. In this study, it was found that Pb as cathode material had good catalytic activity electrochemical reduction selectivity towards sulfur....

Abstract Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous of and slag successful experimental smelting, however, still rare. Furthermore, thorough a series smelts, the produced in different phases smelt, exceedingly The present study investigates effect an smelter’s decision-making skills on products process: slag. Four experiments were carried out shaft furnace with t...

Limestone is a rock belonging to the type of sedimentary rock, formed as result natural sedimentation process. non-metallic mineral that used in various sectors, such paint industry, glass plastics, paper liming on agricultural land and also metal smelting industry. products produced by PT. Sugih Alamanugroho form calcium carbonate flour (powder) with sizes 800 1,200 mesh. Before being marketed...