Social functions are natural consequences of human societies. Before communication technologies, social functions tend to evolve within cultural boundaries, such as location and families. Communication technologies, from mountain top signaling to Voiceover-IP, have broken those boundaries more or less and enabled multi-culture social functions. Empowered by low-cost, high-power personal computi...

Urban green spaces provide an array of benefits, or ecosystem services, that support our physical, psychological, and social health. In many cases, however, these benefits are not equitably distributed across diverse urban populations. In this paper, we explore relationships between cultural ecosystem services provided by urban green space and the social determinants of health outlined in the U...

This paper provides an overview of how social services are organised in European Union countries. With a special focus on Spain and countries with federal or semi-federal organisation, the starts by analysing from legal perspective. It comparative perspective several concrete aspects services: sources funding (national, regional, local, etc.), organization service provision, expenditure, human ...

This paper sets out the OECD’s assessment of information technology (IT) systems for social services used by public administration in Spain. It shows that large disparities exist between and within regions use IT tools. The lack unified different ways to identify individuals classify makes exchange extremely challenging. Improving national data collection on highlights importance agreeing a com...