Neurotrophin receptors corresponding to vertebrate Trk, p75NTR or Sortilin have not been identified in Drosophila, thus it is unknown how neurotrophism may be implemented in insects. Two Drosophila neurotrophins, DNT1 and DNT2, have nervous system functions, but their receptors are unknown. The Toll receptor superfamily has ancient evolutionary origins and a universal function in innate immunit...

Animal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have evolved through a pattern of duplication and divergence. Whereas mammalian TLRs directly recognize microbial ligands, Drosophila Tolls bind endogenous ligands downstream of both developmental and immune signaling cascades. Here, we find that most Toll genes in Drosophila evolve slowly with little gene turnover (gains/losses), consistent with their importan...

OBJECTIVE Synovial inflammation, a feature of both osteoarthritis (OA) and meniscal injury, is hypothesized to be triggered in part via stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We undertook this study to test whether a TLR-2- or TLR-4-stimulating factor in synovial fluid (SF) from patients with early knee OA with meniscal injury could lead to inflammatory activation of synoviocytes. METHODS...

This research paper describes the automated toll collection system for tollgate based on SMART card technology. Most of the toll collection system is in manual transaction. Nowadays, there is a huge rush in toll plaza in order to pay the toll tax. It results in traffic jam, fuel waste and time waste. The objective of this paper is to transform manual transaction to automated toll collection sys...

The collection of vehicular tolls at Port Authority tunnels and bridges is one of the most important operations conducted by the police personnel. More than 250 traffic officers are utilized, and the payroll costs exceed a million dollars annually. In staffing its toll plazas the Port Authority attempts to handle traffic with a minimum number of toll collectors consistent with uniformly good se...

Since the use of protein hydrolysates (PHs) enhances overall plant performance and quality vegetables, they might be considered as a toll to face number concerns essentially associated growing request premium foodstuff realized in agreement with eco-friendly agriculture practices. Molybdenum (Mo) is fundamental trace element for human body. Thus, its shortage determines several disorders mainly...

The Toll signaling pathway, first discovered in Drosophila, has a well-established role in immune responses in insects as well as in mammals. In Drosophila, the Toll-dependent induction of antimicrobial peptide production has been intensely studied as a model for innate immune responses in general. Besides this humoral immune response, Toll signaling is also known to activate blood cells in a r...

Electronic toll collection (ETC) system has been a common trend used for toll collection on toll road nowadays. The implementation of electronic toll collection allows vehicles to travel at low or full speed during the toll payment, which help to avoid the traffic delay at toll road. One of the major components of an electronic toll collection is the automatic vehicle detection and classificati...

Recent studies suggest that in addition to their common function in the regulation of thrombosis and hemostasis, platelets also contribute to tissue inflammation affecting adaptive immunity. Platelets have a number of pro-inflammatory and regulatory mediators stored in their α-granules and dense granules, which are promptly released at sites of inflammation or tissue injury. Platelet-derived me...