Altered dietary choline availability early in life leads to persistent changes in spatial memory and hippocampal plasticity in adulthood. Developmental programming by early choline nutrition may determine the range of adult choline intake that is optimal for the types of neural plasticity involved in cognitive function. To test this, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a choline chloride d...

Acute stress in both rodents and humans causes a transient rise in blood pressure associated with an increase in plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1). High salt (HS) intake also increases ET-1 production, and interestingly, blunts the pressor response to acute air jet stress in rats. We previously reported that female rats lacking functional ETB receptors everywhere except sympathetic nerves (ETB def) ha...

UNLABELLED Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neuromuscular disease characterized by motor neuron death in the central nervous system. Vitamin D supplementation increases antioxidant activity, reduces inflammation and improves motor neuron survival. We have previously demonstrated that vitamin D(3) supplementation at 10× the adequate intake improves functional outcomes in a mouse model of...

Let Γ be a finitely presentable pro-p group such that def(Γ) > 0. If Γ has a nontrivial finitely generated closed normal subgroup N of infinite index then def(Γ) = 1, N is a free pro-p group and Γ/N is virtually free. If π is a finitely presentable group with β (2) 1 (π) = 0 then def(π) ≤ 1, with equality only if c.d.π = 2 or π ∼= Z. (See Theorem 2.5 of [1].) The L-Betti number condition holds ...

We adopt the following convention: x1, x2, z are sets, A is a non empty set, and f , g, h are elements of CA. Let us consider A. The functor +CA yielding a binary operation on CA is defined by: (Def. 1) For all elements f , g of CA holds +CA(f, g) = (+C)◦(f, g). Let us consider A. The functor ·CA yielding a binary operation on CA is defined as follows: (Def. 2) For all elements f , g of CA hold...