In this study, the immunostimulatory effect of dietary Aloe vera crude extract was investigated in Cyprinus carpio. Three hundred fish were randomly divided into four groups. The first group was immunized with Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin (A.h) and was fed a diet contained 0.5% Aloe vera. The second group was immunized with A.h and fed a diet without Aloe vera. The third group was not immunize...

Prior immunity to a related or unrelated pathogen greatly influences the host’s immune response to a subsequent infection and can cause a dramatic difference in disease course, a phenomenon known as heterologous immunity. Heterologous immunity can influence protective immunity, immunopathology and/or immune deviation of cytokine-producing T cell subsets. Examples of heterologous immunity have b...

background: in this study, the pilot production of aerobic bioreactor tropical theileriosis vaccine was optimized with the aim of immunological assays for further mass production. methods: we have shown earlier the delayed type hypersensitivity (dth) assay could be used for evaluating the immunity and memory cells against specific theileria antigen in vaccinated animals. in addition, tnf-α is t...

Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common tick-borne infection in the US. Recent studies have demonstrated that the incidence of human Lyme disease would have been even greater were it not for the presence of strain-specific immunity, which protects previously infected patients against subsequent infections by the same B. burgdorferi strain. Here, spatial he...

Within the tumor microenvironment, non-specific innate immune responses can suppress adaptive cytotoxic immunity and hence promote tumor progression. Surgery and trauma provokes high-grade, non-specific inflammatory responses that suppress cell-mediated immunity. Here, the surgical resection of neoplastic lesions is considered in the context of antitumor immunity, providing the rationale for de...

chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen which is often found in our paediatric populations. many patients with community-acquired pneumonia caused by c. pneumoniae have symptoms suggestive of sinusitis.the role of c. pneumonia in rhinosinusiits children (meanage =4.3 ±2.5year). this case control study was done in the pediatric and ent clinics of hazrat rasul hospital in tehran (20...

To prevent life-threatening auto-inflammation/auto-immunity in peripheral tissue such as skin, the immune system must simultaneously mount rapid protective immunity, and rapidly resolve inflammation. Dendritic Cells (DC), are highly abundant skin other tissues, mediate tolerance, confer vaccine, tumor, infectious immunity by priming T cells. Like myeloid cells, DC differentiate from bone marrow...

CONTEXT Individuals searching the Internet for vaccine information may find antivaccination Web sites. Few published studies have systematically evaluated these sites. OBJECTIVES To examine antivaccination Web site attributes and to delineate the specific claims and concerns expressed by antivaccination groups. DESIGN AND SETTING In late 2000, using a metasearch program that incorporates 10...

Active immunity to the growth of tissue may be obtained by intraperitoneal injections of tissue emulsions. This immunity is of short duration and is followed by an anti-immunity. The immunity varies for individual tissues both in extent and in the time of onset. The immunity is not specific in so far that it is not more marked to the tissue similar to that forming the emulsion.

After intravenous injection into rats, both the attenuated strain R1Rv and the virulent strain H37Rv of Mycobacterium tuberculosis grow in the liver and spleen. However, the infected rats mount a specific immune response with great rapidity, giving a false impression of natural resistance to the tubercle bacillus. Adoptive immunity to tuberculosis was achieved by transferring thoracic duct cell...