In recent years, the introduction of Pre- Engineered Building (PEB) concept in design structures has helped optimizing design. Steel industry is growing rapidly almost all parts world. The use steel not only economical but also eco- friendly at time when there a threat global warming. Time being most important aspect, (Pre-fabricated) built very short period and one such example Pre Buildings (...

Around 40% of global energy consumption can be attributed to the construction sector. Consequently, development industry towards more sustainable solutions and technologies plays a crucial role in future our planet. Various tools methods have been developed assess buildings, one which is life cycle analysis (LCEA). LCEA requires at each stage product assessed, enabling comparison impact materia...

many old damaged and undamaged building structures do not meet the criteria of modern seismic design codes. such structures need to be seismically enhanced. the main objective of this paper is to propose and validate the effectiveness of an upgrade scheme for non-seismic buildings using steel plate shear walls (spsw). the upgrade is carried out considering a probability-based drift-based criter...