Introduction Ketamine is a phenylcyclohexylamine derivative comprising racemic mixture of S- and R-ketamine that possesses anesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant activity. Oral (including extended release [PO]), intravenous (IV) sublingual (SL), transmucosal (TM), intranasal (IN), intramuscular (IM), rectal (PR), subcutaneous (SC) formulations have been developed since its com...

Vitamin A is a family of derivatives synthesized from carotenoids acquired the diet and can be converted in animals to bioactive forms essential for life. A1 (all-trans-retinol/ATROL) provitamin (all-trans-?,?-carotene/ATBC) are precursors all-trans-retinoic acid acting as ligand retinoic receptors. The contribution ATROL ATBC formation 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic (9CDHRA), only endogenous reti...

The cytochrome P450 CYP101D2 from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM12444 is closely related to CYP101D1 from the same bacterium and to P450cam (CYP101A1) from Pseudomonas putida. All three are capable of oxidizing camphor stereoselectively to 5-exo-hydroxycamphor. The crystal structure of CYP101D2 revealed that the likely ferredoxin-binding site on the proximal face is largely positively char...

and cheap and valuable sources of renewable materials for industrial applications. For example, sucrose can be converted to ethanol, which is widely used in various fields of industry and the source of C1 chemistry. Recently, natural disaccharides and trisaccharides have attracted enormous attention. A large number of oligosaccharides have been conjugated for new DNA-binding antitumor agents, a...

Lipase genes originating from the Gram-negative bacteria Serrutiu marcescens and Pseudomonus urruginosa were cloned. S. marcescens lipase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli yielding inclusion bodies which were purified and finally refolded to give enzymatically active lipase. The lipase operon of P. aeruginosa consisting of genes 1ipA and lip14 was cloned behind the T7 410 promoter and overe...

(-)Pantoprazole [(-)PAN] accumulated in rat milk stereoselectively, and this accumulation was attributed to rat Abcg2 (rAbcg2). In contrast, flux experiments at 25 μM showed that (+)pantoprazole [(+)PAN] was preferentially transported by rAbcg2. The purpose of the current study was to comprehensively evaluate the transport of PAN isomers in empty-Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) and MDCKII...

Acetic acid bacteria are a distinct group of microorganisms within the family Acetobacteriaceae. They are characterized by their ability to incompletely oxidize a wide range of carbohydrates and alcohols. The great advantage of these reactions is that many substrates are regio- and stereoselectively oxidized. This feature is already exploited in several combined biotechnological-chemical proced...

The Diels–Alder (DA) reaction (or “diene synthesis”) between a diene and a dienophile generates two s bonds stereoselectively and up to four chiral centers in a single step to afford six-membered cyclic compounds. This cycloaddition reaction named after Professor Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954) and his student Kurt Alder (1902–1958) was discovered in 1928 during studies on the reaction of b...