Introduction With the rapid development of next-generation sequencing technologies, RNA-seq has become the method of choice for transcriptome analysis. Most next-generation sequencing platforms require library construction prior to sequencing, and several current mRNA-seq library preparation protocols conserve the strand orientation of transcripts. This allows the specific assignment of reads t...

Telomere length can provide valuable insight into telomeres and telomerase related diseases, including cancer. Here, we present a brand-new optical telomere length measurement protocol using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this protocol, two single strand DNA are used as SERS probes. They are labeled with two different Raman molecules and can specifically hybridize with telomeres a...

background: bone sarcomas are the most common malignancies of bone tissues in children, and are classified intotwo groups as osteosarcoma and ewing’s sarcoma. treatment and prognosis depend on the subtype and grade ofthe tumor. the goal of this study was to evaluate the features bone sarcoma in patients referred to mahak childrenhospital since 2007 to 2009.materials and methods: this was a retr...

The ability to extract RNA and prepare RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) libraries from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissues allows researchers to identify and validate new biomarkers of disease onset, progression, and therapy resistance. However, the typically poor quality of RNA derived from FFPE samples has previously limited use of this tissue source as a resource for transcriptome profil...

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies among women in various countries. HER2 overexpression, which is due to different reasons, occurs in 20-30% of breast cancers. HER2 gene encodes an 185kDa transmembrane glycoprotein with 1255 amino acids. This active product triggers downstream intracellular signaling pathways inducing cell proliferation and cell survival. These...

Repair of DNA double-strand breaks can occur by either nonhomologous end joining or homologous recombination. Most nonhomologous end joining requires a specialized ligase, DNA ligase IV (Lig4). In Drosophila melanogaster, double-strand breaks created by excision of a P element are usually repaired by a homologous recombination pathway called synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA). SDSA req...

Abstract It has been proposed that we think of continuing medical education (CME) as a two-stranded helix, in which one strand represents the internal characteristics of the learner-physician, the other strand the culture and environment in which he or she practices and lives. In many countries, the product of these two strands has been increasingly termed ‘continuing professional development’...

Cryptographic protocol designers work incrementally. Having achieved some goals for confidentiality and authentication in a protocol Π1, they transform it to a richer Π2 to achieve new goals. But do the original goals still hold? More precisely, if a goal formula Γ holds whenever Π1 runs against an adversary, does a translation of Γ hold whenever Π2 runs against it? We prove that a transformati...