Ž . Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr were subjected to acute handling stresses and growth-monitored for at least 30 days. In fish stressed twice daily, growth rate in weight was 61% lower than Ž y1. controls after 11 days 1.00 vs. 2.57% day and over a 30 day period it was 50% lower than Ž y1. controls 1.53 vs. 3.07% day . In fish stressed once daily, growth rate was 18% lower than Ž y1. control...

A possible interaction between glucocorticoids and estrogen-induced increases in brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in enhancing depressive-like behaviour has been documented. Here we evaluated the effects of Tualang honey, a phytoestrogen, and 17 β -estradiol (E2) on the depressive-like behaviour, stress hormones, and BDNF concentration in stressed ovariectomised (OVX) rats. T...

Volume infusions are one of the commonest clinical interventions in critically ill patients yet the relationship of volume to cardiac output is not well understood. Blood volume has a stressed and unstressed component but only the stressed component determines flow. It is usually about 30 % of total volume. Stressed volume is relatively constant under steady state conditions. It creates an elas...

The Neoštokavian dialect of Croatian belongs to the somewhat obscure category of pitch accent languages,1 making use of both tone and another type of prominence, usually termed stress, in wordlevel prosody (Babić, 1988; van der Hulst & Smith, 1988; Bethin, 1994; Inkelas & Zec, 1988; Zec, 1992, 1999). The interaction between tone and stress yields four accents, traditionally called long falling ...

Chemical signals are an important aspect of ecological interactions in crustacean systems. Repellent chemical signals can be classified into three context-specific categories: chemicals released directly from a repellent stimulus (avoidance chemicals), chemicals released from damaged conspecifics (alarm chemicals) and chemicals released from stressed but undamaged conspecifics (stress chemicals...

Chronic exposure to stress results in a reduction of hippocampal neurogenesis and of hippocampal volume. We examined whether prolactin (PRL), a regulator of the stress response and stimulator of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone, influences neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of chronically stressed adult C57BL/6 male mice. Chronically stressed (4 h daily immobilization for...

Induction of c-fos in the spinal cord due to pain is well established. This study aims to look at the effects of acute swim stress on Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) induced by formalin and how it is modulated by ketamine and morphine. Acutely-stressed and non-stressed adult male Sprague Dawley rats were pretreated with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine 5 mg/kg (Ketava, Atlantic Lab), morph...

in this paper, we use game theory to describe the emergence of self-organization and consequent pattern formation through communicative cooperation in bacillus subtilis colonies. the emergence of cooperative regime is modelled as an n-player assurance game, with the bacterial colonies as individual players. the game is played iteratively through cooperative communication, and mediated by exchan...

conclusions chlorine-stressed cells of v. parahaemolyticus were more susceptible to adverse conditions than the non-stressed ones. pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains showed the same survival characteristics under the adverse conditions. these results should be considered in the development of food preservation measures. results findings of the current study revealed that the normal cells of ...