U. Riebesell1, R. G. J. Bellerby2,3, H.-P. Grossart4, and F. Thingstad5 1Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, IFM-GEOMAR, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany 2Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007, Bergen, Norway 3Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, 5007, Bergen, Norway 4Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland F...

When normal mouse spleen, cells in suspension are cultured in vitro in the presence of polymer from S. adelaide flagellin, an immune response can be obtained as measured at the level of single antibody-forming cells. Cultures were stimulated with different doses of antigen, ranging from 0.2 ng to 3 microg/ml of tissue culture fluid and it was found that the peak number of approximately 500 anti...

We sketch four applications of Marr's levels-of-analysis methodology to the relations between logic and experimental data in the cognitive neuroscience of language and reasoning. The first part of the paper illustrates the explanatory power of computational level theories based on logic. We show that a Bayesian treatment of the suppression task in reasoning with conditionals is ruled out by EEG...

Ecological and aggregate data studies are examples of group-level studies. Even though the link between the predictors and outcomes is not preserved in these studies, inference about individual-level exposure effects is often a goal. The disconnection between the level of inference and the level of analysis expands the array of potential biases that can invalidate the inference from group-level...

The article examines update of modules of general IT (Informatics) studies under changes in secondary school programs. It is proposed to create distance-learning courses and use “tools set” principles. It will allow broadening the choice of study subjects and will create possibility for students from different faculties to choose the subjects and realization tools that better meet their needs a...

Results of the (57)Co vitamin B(12) plasma level absorption test are described in 163 patients. The use of intramuscular carbachol with the test and the presence or absence of current vitamin B(12) therapy did not affect the test results. Injection of 1,000 mug of unlabelled vitamin B(12) during the test augmented plasma levels in patients with normal absorption but tests without this injection...

Every two years in the US, 435 congressional elections take place that scholars study using data from the National Election Studies (NES) survey of the American electorate. With a focus on sampling, this article explores two issues: (1) How best to design a national election study if the aim is to understand voting behavior within and across subnational contexts; and (2) How, by comparison, the...

This paper considers the problem of test data generation for the core level verification of micro processors; namely, the problem of constructing a test program on the basis of its abstract form (test tem plate). To solve this problem, we propose an algorithm reducing it to a problem of resolving constraints. This paper addresses the verification of memory handling instructions (taking into acc...

Applied economists often wish to measure the effects of policy changes (like trade liberalization) or managerial decisions (like R&D expenditures or exporting) on firmlevel productivity patterns. But firm-level data on physical quantities of output, capital, and intermediate inputs are typically unobservable. Therefore, when constructing productivity measures, most analysts proxy these variable...