: Cocaine abuse is a serious global public health and social problem, cocaine detoxification remains challenge. Benzoylecgonine (BE) the main toxic metabolite after consumption, with longer retention time in body environment than itself. According to many studies, toxicity of BE humans as significant Moreover, recognized an addictive drug contaminant environment, especially freshwater system, l...

Paraquat is a contact and non-selective herbicide which is used for controlling a wide range of terrestrial weeds and aquatic plants. A long-term contact with this xenobiotic can potentially lead to injuries in fishes as live non-target organisms. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of sub-lethal toxicity of paraquat on the pathology of gill, liver, and spleen tissues i...

The use of antimicrobial compounds is indispensable in many industries, especially drinking water production, to eradicate microorganisms. However, bacterial growth is not unusual in the presence of disinfectant concentrations that would be typically lethal, as bacterial populations can develop resistance. The common metric of population resistance has been based on the Minimum Inhibitory Conce...

Key-words: angling, disturbance, fitness, telemetry, Esox lucius In a catch-and-release recreational fishery fish populations can be impacted by lethal and sub-lethal effects. In terms of sub-lethal effects anglers may directly (catch-and-release) and/or indirectly (angling-related disturbances, e.g. boating) influence the behaviour, growth and fitness of the fish. We quantified the long-term b...

BACKGROUND Bumble bees [Bombus impatiens (Cresson)] are widely used for supplemental pollination of greenhouse vegetables and are at risk of pesticide exposure while foraging. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal and sub-lethal effects of four insecticides (imidacloprid, abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and three fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonat...

Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) is a vertebrate pesticide, originally developed in the 1940s and principally used for the control of unwanted introduced animals in New Zealand and Australia. Fluoroacetate is also a toxic component of poisonous plants found in Australia, Africa, South America, and India. In relation to its use as a pesticide, recent research has focused on further elucidation of its...