Delivering water to consumers uses a lot of electricity. In the era limited fossil fuel resources, we are increasingly looking at possibilities using renewable energy sources power residential buildings or industries. The research aimed analyze potential producing electricity from photovoltaic panels, ensuring supplies for pumping water, and reducing costs. tests were carried out existing (PV) ...

Expanding population and environmental protection the world over are placing additional demands on existing water supplies. Meeting these demands by traditional structural supply augmentation is dogged by increasing environmental and fiscal costs, which leave excess water demand to be met largely by conservation and reallocation of existing supplies. Water trading clearly has a role in realloca...

This paper analyses the transition of water rights institutions in Victoria, Australia, between 1840 and 1886. It will focus on the shift from the common law doctrine of riparian rights to government control of water supplies via quasi-government organisations known as irrigation trusts examining factors leading to this transition and whether it increased institutional efficiency. Evidence sugg...

Temporal changes in net energy balance of animals strongly influence fitness; consequently, natural selection should favor behaviors that increase net energy balance by buffering individuals against negative effects of environmental variation. The relative importance of behavioral responses to climate-induced variation in costs vs. supplies of energy, however, is uncertain, as is the degree to ...

Many food hoarding animals live in small groups structured by rank. The presence of conspecifics in the hoarding area increases the risk of losing stored supplies. The possibility of stealing from others depends on a forager's rank in the group. Highly ranked individuals can steal from subordinates and also protect their own caches. Since storing incurs both costs and benefits, the optimal hoar...

Growth of national healthcare spending is a problem confronting national governments of all industrially advanced countries. Healthcare spending in the U.S. reached 13.9% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2003, compared to only 8% in Japan. In the U.S., health insurance is voluntary, with 15% of the population uninsured. In Japan, health insurance is mandatory and virtually universal, with...

Alleviating human sufferings during and in the aftermath of disasters is one most important goals humanitarian relief logistics. The lack commodities, especially life-saving items, a life-threatening loss to victims must be considered when making emergency supply allocation transportation decisions, even pre-disaster prepositioning phase. This paper proposes scenario-based stochastic program th...

Given the ongoing epidemic and rising costs of diabetes in the U.S., it is critical that health care resources be allocated in both efficacious and cost-effective ways. Among Medicare beneficiaries, patients with diabetes consume .32% of total Medicare expenditures (1). In 2011, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented competitive bidding for selected product categories in...

BACKGROUND Health systems could obtain substantial cost savings by providing safe abortion care rather than providing expensive treatment for complications of unsafely performed abortions. This study estimates current health system costs of treating unsafe abortion complications and compares these findings with newly-projected costs for providing safe abortion in Malawi. METHODS We conducted ...

ABSTRACT Objective: to estimate the cost of setting up and monthly operation a teleconsultation room. Method: descriptive study, carried out by means survey direct indirect costs for room in Niterói - RJ BR. The data analysis was based on discrimination type quantity equipment needed set room; budgets obtained through research public tenders commercial stores. To running costs, following were c...