Diabetes is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis. The diabetic foot is characterized by the presence of arteriopathy and neuropathy. The vascular damage includes non-occlusive microangiopathy and macroangiopathy. Diabetic foot wounds are responsible for 5-10% of the cases of major or minor amputations. In fact, the risk of amputation of the lower limbs is 15-20% higher in diabetic popul...

Today, the treatment of patellar luxations using current techniques has become a very common procedureas part of the surgical treatment. Nevertheless, there are some doubts about such procedures in restraining the patella in lower grade cases. The purpose of the present retrospective clinical study was to determine theefficacy of the soft tissue and bone reconstructive procedures used for vario...

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8 www.thelancet.com Vol 388 July 2, 2016 Since 1985, a caesarean section rate of 10–15% has been deemed optimum by the international health-care community. When caesarean section rates rise towards 10% across a population, maternal and newborn deaths decrease; when they are higher than 15%, there is no evidence of reduced mortality. Complications of caesarean sections can be substantial and som...

Surgical removal of a pathological, almost non-functional cerebral hemisphere is a relatively old concept in neurosurgery [1]. The evolution of hemispheric surgery from resection to disconnection techniques, along with a number of technological advances (light microscope, microneurosurgical tools, magnetic resonance imaging, neuro-navigation) resulted into significantly faster and less invasive...

The details of surgical techniques for laparoscopic removal of endometriosis and adenomyosis are described briefly in textbooks and gynaecological journal articles. We have described a wide variety of techniques for the various procedures required in the treatment of endometriosis and adenomyosis, excluding hysterectomy. The principles are based upon those used in removal of primary cancer lesi...

Post-traumatic knee stiffness and loss of range of motion is a common complication of injuries to the knee area. The causes of post-traumatic knee stiffness can be divided into flexion contractures, extension contractures, and combined contractures. Post-traumatic stiffness can be due to the presence of dense intra-articular adhesions and/or fibrotic transformation of peri-articular structures....

Varicocele is the most common diagnosis in men presenting to fertility clinics, Table 1.1 The incidence of varicocele in the general population has been reported to be 13.4% or greater, whereas 37% or more of infertile men have been noted to have varicoceles.2 The World Health Organization (WHO) investigated the influence of varicocele on fertility in men presenting to infertility clinics and c...