As a consequence of the lack of proofreading activity of RNA virus polymerases, new viral genetic variants are constantly created. RNA viruses readily adapt to changing environmental conditions. Therefore, the high mutation rate of RNA viruses compared with DNA organisms is responsible for their enormous adaptive capacity. The above syllogism, with some variation, is deeply rooted in the thinki...

In a recent study we demonstrated that reasoning with categorical syllogisms engages two dissociable mechanisms. Reasoning involving concrete sentences engaged a left hemisphere linguistic system while formally identical arguments, involving abstract sentences, recruited a parietal spatial network. The involvement of a parietal visuo–spatial system in abstract syllogism reasoning raised the que...

This study tested the hypothesis that a generally enhanced threat-confirming reasoning style would set people at risk for the development of anxiety disorders. Therefore, a non-clinical student sample (N=146) was presented with a series of linear syllogisms referring to threatening and safety themes and with the anxiety subscale of the SCL-90 and trait anxiety in order to correlate reasoning wi...

As a consequence of the lack of proofreading activity of RNA virus polymerases, new viral genetic variants are constantly created. RNA viruses readily adapt to changing environmental conditions. Therefore, the high mutation rate of RNA viruses compared with DNA organisms is responsible for their enormous adaptive capacity. The above syllogism, with some variation, is deeply rooted in the thinki...

MARTHA CRAVEN NUSSBAUM (editor), Aristotle's De motu animalium, Princeton University Press, 1978, 8vo, pp. xxiii, 430, £18.90. The title ofDr. Nussbaum's excellent book disguises its riches. She presents us with a new text and English translation of this little tract, defends its authenticity, assigns it to a place among Aristotle's last works, and rescues it from undeserved neglect. This would...

Contemporary students of logic tend to think of the logic of the connectives as the most basic area of the subject, which can then be extended with a logic of quantifiers. Historically, however, the logic of the quantifiers, in the form of the Aristotelian theory of the syllogism, came first. Truth conditions for negation, conjunction, and disjunction were well understood in ancient times, thou...

[W]e require certain indemonstrable propositions, which hitherto I have not succeeded in reducing to less than ten. Some indemonstrables there must be; and some propositions, such as the syllogism, must be of the number, since no demonstration is possible without them. But concerning others, it may be doubted whether they are indemonstrable or merely undemonstrated; and it should be observed th...

In the paper sign of emoji language is investigated through logical-linguistic lense. The authors conclude that explanation content plane and expression an optical (and therefore a non-linear one), due to bilaterality its structure, inexhaustible, since optics include psychophysiological factors appeal linguistic extralinguistic elements formation signs. Consequently, substrate for investigatio...

First introduced during the late 1800s, radiation therapy is fundamental to the treatment of cancer. In developed countries, approximately 60% of all patients receive radiation therapy (also known as the sixty percenters), which makes radioresistance in cancer an important and, to date, unsolved, clinical problem. Unfortunately, the therapeutic refractoriness of solid tumors is the rule not the...