Abstract How do parties and candidates react to electoral system reform? While the literature on causes consequences of reforms is receiving increasing attention, we lack a systematic micro-level account how adopt changes in rules district boundaries. This paper examines case Japanese Liberal Democrats explore party has managed accommodate surplus incumbents reduced number nominal tier seats fo...

The definition of abilities and their correct development act as one the most important pedagogical tasks that require special attention, solution, approach, especially during period changes in content educational process connected with its reform. According to author, update approaches related improving effectiveness process, it is necessary pay attention author’s training programs. They will ...

Government reform is not only the current and important issues of public concern, but also a common task that most countries must face. Based on the study of objectives, contents and characteristics of government reform in various stages in China since the reform and opening-up, this article focuses on the analysis of the essentials, characteristics and implications of government reform. The mi...

Antidumping reform is critical to a successful completion of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations and US willingness to engage in such reform is key to this effort. This paper assesses prospects for such reform by analyzing US implementation of Uruguay Round antidumping reform commitments. The results strongly suggest that the US has lived up to only the letter but not the spirit o...

political legitimacy is one of the fundamental notions in contemporary political theorizing. to explain this notion, a set of views, influenced by weber, put emphasis on the role of political beliefs of the citizens. yet, recent academic enterprises refer to the political agents, focusing on their actions. this article studies iranians’ socio-economic conditions in 1990’s, and reveals the setti...

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INTRODUCTION The Healthcare Reform Plan is counted as a plan for improving healthcare services in Iran. Undoubtedly pros and cons can be seen either in plan or implementation. This study was conducted to describe nurses' challenges in implementing healthcare reform in Iran. METHODS A qualitative method centered upon conventional content analysis was applied. We used purposive sampling and dat...

BACKGROUND In order to increase the chances of success in new interventions in healthcare, it is generally recommended to tailor the intervention to the target setting and the target professionals. Nonetheless, pre-intervention studies are rarely conducted or are very limited in scope. Moreover, little is known about how to integrate the results of a pre-intervention study into an intervention....

The Clinton Administration has implied that short-run failures to control health care costs may cause a reexamination of wage and price controls as elements of comprehensive health care reform. The most recent imposition of mandatory wage and price controls was the Economic Stabilization Program (ESP) of the early 1970s. We analyze trends in hospitals' economic behavior and utilization before, ...