Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS), also known as “dry eye syndrome”, is a common ocular disease in dogs, caused by inflammation of the lacrimal gland, resulting decreased tear production. Efforts are being made to develop alternative therapies order prevent lifelong use drugs for patients with KCS. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) be effective treatment many immune-mediated diseases human and anima...

Osmolarity is an important process variable during the cultivation of mammalian cells in vitro. Cell culture medium is designed to have osmolarity in the range of 260 and 320 milliosmoles (mOsm), basically to mimic the osmolarity of serum at 290 mOsm/kg. Fragmented information on the response of hybridoma cells to elevated osmolarity is available. A decrease in cell growth and an increase in an...

  Tears of the subscapularis tendon have been significantly recognized as a source of shoulder pain and dysfunction in the past decade, thanks to arthroscopic evaluation of the shoulder and biomechanical and anatomical studies of the tendon. Current classification of subscapularis tendon tear is based on insertion site of the tendon. Recently, a classification for non-insertional types of subsc...

PURPOSE The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin ophthalmic solution 1% in patients with contact lens-related dry eye (CLDE). METHODS This was a 4-week, single-center, open-label clinical trial in patients diagnosed with CLDE using the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire (CLDEQ). Fifty patients were enrolled in this study. The patients were random...

The effect of perivascular osmolarity on the diameter of pial arteries was studied in cats by the microapplication technique. Between 251 and 360 mosmoles/ liter, concentration-response curves were obtained for single vessels. Constriction occurred when perivascular osmolarity was decreased below 317 mosmoles /liter, and dilation occurred at osmolarities above this value. The effect was the sam...

A fresh water protozoan Paramecium multimicronucleatum adapted to a given solution was found to swell until the osmotic pressure difference between the cytosol and the solution balanced the cytosolic pressure. The cytosolic pressure was generated as the cell swelled osmotically. When either one or both of these pressures was somehow modified, cell volume would change until a new balance between...

Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is a vector-borne illness that requires the bacteria to adapt to distinctly different environments in its tick vector and various mammalian hosts. Effective colonization (acquisition phase) of a tick requires the bacteria to adapt to tick midgut physiology. Successful transmission (transmission phase) to a mammal requires the bacteria to sense and r...

Escherichia coli responds to an increase in medium osmolarity by accumulating K+ and glutamate. At low osmolarity a large fraction of cytoplasmic K+ serves to balance charge on macromolecular anions. That fraction of K+ is here referred to as "bound," as distinguished from "free" K+ that serves to balance charge of small anions. At higher osmolarity where cytoplasmic K+ increases markedly, the ...