Neighboring Extremal Optimal approach is effective in solving optimal control problems through approximation. Under certain conditions, a matrix involved in the calculation of optimal control approximation can become singular, leading to a technical difficulty in the application of the approach. These situations may include the cases when a constraint depends only on the states but not the inpu...

Software architects design systems to achieve quality attributes like security, reliability, and performance. Key to achieving these quality attributes are design constraints governing how components of the system are configured, communicate and access resources. Unfortunately, identifying, specifying, communicating and enforcing important design constraints – achieving architectural control – ...

We compute the constraints on a “standard” 10 parameter cold dark matter (CDM) model from the most recent CMB and data and other observations, exploring 30 million discrete models and two continuous parameters. Our parameters are the densities of CDM, baryons, neutrinos, vacuum energy and curvature, the reionization optical depth, and the normalization and tilt for both scalar and tensor fluctu...

Treatment planning in radiosurgery and radiation therapy involves a large number of medical and technical constraints. The main technical constraints stem from the gantry kinematics and the type of collimator available. The gantry kinematics (i.e. number and spatial arrangement of movable joint axes) determines the type of motion which can be performed by the therapeutic beam. The collimator de...

The e cient satisfaction of constraints is essential to the performance of constraint-based user interfaces. In the past, most constraint-based user interfaces have used one-way rather than multiway constraints because of a widespread belief that one-way constraints were more e cient. In this paper we argue that many user interface construction problems are handled more naturally and elegantly ...

We present a new technique which can handle both point and sliding constraints in the multigrid (MG) framework. Although the MG method can theoretically perform as fast as O(N), the development of a clothing simulator based on the MG method calls for solving an important technical challenge: handling the constraints. Resolving constrains has been difficult in MG because there has been no clear ...

We study an algorithm for the short term power production planning optimization problem, with network constraints. The system contains a set of generators which can be of diierent kinds, connected by a power transmission network. These need to be scheduled hourly, during a week time period. This is a complex problem, mainly due to the technical constraints of each generator, which include start...

the aim of this study is to carry out an empirical study of constraint factors in recreational sporting activities. more specifically it tests the model of constraints (intra-personal, interpersonal, and structural), as proposed by crawford et al. (1991), and its relationship with actual participation levels in specific recreational sports activities in iran. although there is a growing body o...