The maintenance of normal body mass is achieved by complex mechanisms, which involve a close interaction between feedingrelated and thermoregulatory processes in mammals (Fig. 1). The balance between energy intake and total energy expenditure is crucial to maintain the optimal body mass. Food intake can be stimulated by different factors, which are directly (e.g., fasting, hunger, food cues) or...

AIM To evaluate toxicity and treatment outcome of high-dose radiotherapy (RT) for cervical esophageal cancer (CEC). METHODS We reviewed a total of 62 consecutive patients who received definitive RT for stage I to III cervical esophageal cancer between 2001 and 2015. Patients who received < 45 Gy, treated for lesions below sternal notch, treated with palliative aim, treated with subsequent sur...

BACKGROUND Dietary management of phenylketonuria (PKU) requires the replacement of natural protein-containing foods with special low protein foods. The effect of a PKU type diet on factors contributing to energy balance requires investigation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of a PKU type meal on appetite ratings, gut appetite hormones, thermic effect of feeding (TEF) and fat oxidation. ...

The Sengstaken-Blakemore tube (SB tube) is used to control esophageal or gastric variceal bleeding in emergencies, and various complications have been reported following its use. Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is an extremely rare complication after SB tube insertion. We herein present a case of an 80-year-old female patient who experienced TEF after repeated insertion of the SB tube to contro...

Acquired nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a rare clinical condition with multiple etiologies, although post-intubation injury is the most common cause. TEFs can be fatal if left untreated due to devastating pulmonary complications caused by tracheobronchial contamination and poor nutrition. Herein, we present a case of complete healing of a post-intubation TEF under conservative ...

BACKGROUND The non-malignant, acquired tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEF), resulting from tracheal intubation are usually iatrogenic lesions. Tracheal lesions resulting from intubation may occur and pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax or subcutaneous emphysema may develop due to the stream of air. CASE PRESENTATION We present a-39-year old, Caucasian patient, developing severe hypoxia fallowing ces...

A general study of transverse energy flows (TEF) as physically meaningful and informative characteristics of paraxial light beams' spatial structure is presented. The total TEF can be decomposed into the spin and orbital contributions giving rise to the spin and orbital angular momentums, correspondingly. Definitions and properties of these constituents are discussed in relation with the optica...