Consider a substitutional solution of two metallic elements A and B. When the alloy is exposed to air at an elevated temperature, A oxidizes, but B does not. In the alloy, the two elements diffuse in opposite directions, but usually at different rates; the nonreciprocal diffusion is known as the Kirkendall effect. At the oxide-alloy interface, metallic atoms may either emit from or inject into ...

Island coalescence during Volmer–Weber thin film growth is generally accepted to be a source of tensile stress. However, the stochastic nature of unpatterned film nucleation and growth prevents meaningful comparison of stress measurements taken during growth to that predicted by theoretical models. We have overcome this by systematically controlling island geometry using selective growth of Ni ...

recently, offshore and ocean engineering have been dealing with novel materials that play a significant role in reducing the weight of structures used in the ship construction industry. 5xxx series of aluminum alloys are of the novel alloys are suitable for construction of ship hulls and the topside structures of offshore platforms. within different 5xxx aluminum alloys, aa5083 is of great impo...

The effect of intrinsic stress on the structure and physical properties of silicon-tin-oxide (STO) films have been investigated. Since a state of tensile stress is available in as-deposited films, the value of stress can be exponentially enhanced when the annealing temperature is increased. The tensile stress is able to not only suppress the crystallization and widen the optical band gap of STO...

The effects of the residual stress (either compressive or tensile) induced during the heat-treatment process on the electrical properties of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) films were investigated. The PZT films were deposited on platinized silicon substrates by the rf-magnetron sputtering method using a single oxide target. After their deposition, the films were bent elastically by means of a special...

In this paper the mechanical behavior of a soilbag under an increasing vertical compression is numerically investigated using a micro-polar continuum approach. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the interaction between the filling material and the bag on the evolution of the stress strain behavior of the soilbag structure. The mechanical behavior of the cohesionless granular mater...

Twenty-five rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor afferents were recorded in an in vitro preparation of rat skin and nerve. Single units were recorded while the skin was subjected to dynamic uniaxial stretch using a pseudo-Gaussian noise (PGN) input waveform. Force was the controlled variable in stretch stimuli. Measured loads and displacements were used to calculate tensile stresses, strains, and t...

objective: endothelium is a selective and permeable membrane for transferring nutrients and vital components to arterial wall. endothelial damage might lead to altered biological function of endothelium and clinical consequences such as atherosclerosis. blood pressure pulse always exerts circumferential tension to the arterial wall. hence, such tension together with other loads, play important ...

Carbon fibres can be used as structural electrodes because they have a high tensile properties-to-weight ratio and a graphitic structure which enables lithium-ion intercalation. Carbon fibre specimens were used as electrodes in laboratory cells. It was found that the fibre undergoes an ultimate tensile strength drop and an axial expansion which depend on the measured capacity. The results sugge...

The microstructure and tensile response of amorphous ZrCu and nanocrystalline Cu multilayered thin films, with sharp or graded interfaces, are examined and analyzed. The extracted tensile properties of the multilayered films can be compared with the predicted values based on the iso-strain Rule of Mixture model. The multilayered films with graded interfaces, each about 50 nm thick, consistently...