Clinical decision analyses use time horizons that vary from hours to the patient’s entire life. Analyses of decisions with a lifetime horizon commonly use Markov models, which simulate the patient’s lifespan by dividing it into equal periods (cycles). At each cycle, the model exposes a hypothetical cohort to the competing hazards of normal aging and of the disease in question (disease-specific ...

this paper proposes a new mathematical model for designing and planning postal parcels carriage and postal networks. the objective of postal network designing is to determine the location, size and connection between the postal stations in a city, province or country. in this paper, a kind of multiple locations-allocations hub problem with limited capacity in collecting, distributing and broadc...

There has been a growing emphasis on the importance of long-term perspective in academia and practice. Yet understanding interdependency those factors – temporal preferences embedded organizations societal values as well influence orientation investors remains limited. We theorize whether how firm's corporate social responsibility (CSR) is affected by orientation, its time horizon, investors' h...

A unified first law of black-hole dynamics and relativistic thermodynamics is derived in spherically symmetric general relativity. This equation expresses the gradient of the active gravitational energy E according to the Einstein equation. Projecting the equation along the flow of thermodynamic matter and along the trapping horizon of a black hole yield, respectively, first laws of relativisti...