Quantifying long-term historical climate is fundamental to understanding recent climate change. Most instrumentally recorded climate data are only available for the past 200 years, so proxy observations from natural archives are often considered. We describe a model-based approach to reconstructing climate defined in terms of raw tree-ring measurement data that simultaneously accounts for noncl...

Historical and current lesion development and sporulation of Cronartium flaccidum was investigated in a stand of artificially seeded pole-stage Pinus sylvestris in northern Finland. An average of 6.5 lesions developed per infected tree, most of them occurring on a minority (25 %) of the trees. During the monitoring period of five years, fresh aecia appeared mainly in 7–10-year-old shoots, the a...

The Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland has, as part of its remit, a responsibility to develop good practice guidelines in respect of medical treatment in the setting of mental disorders. (These include people with dementia, intellectual disability, severe and enduring mental illness or brain injury which has led to a loss or impairment of capacity.) The process undertaken to develop such a ...

other persons who are mentioned because at some time something has been named after them. Historians may hope that future editions will not prune too much on the ground of obsolescence. Manifestly there is no outright "best buy": Firkin & Whitworth contain material not to be found elsewhere, and similarly much that they do not cover is available elsewhere. All depends on what you seek. They can...

Results are also compared to EN350-1. Results to date indicate that furfurylation and acetylation are capable of improving the durability classification of UK grown Sitka spruce from Not Durable, Durability Class (DC) 5 for control samples to Very Durable (DC1). More interestingly, lower durability classifications were obtained when using UK grown Scots pine, where the treated samples could be ...

The purpose of this paper is to show the effects of level of substitution with a linear chain anhydride (propionic anhydride) on decay resistance and on water vapour sorption of modified Scots pine sapwood. The work described herein has demonstrated that chemically modified Scots pine sapwood with propionic anhydride afforded substantial bioprotection against Coniophora puteana. It required a w...

The obvious is often not self-explanatory. We obviously interact with others in a meaningful way. This presupposes that we can predict reasonably well what another person is going to do, and how he is going to react to our own moves. Yet psychology demonstrates the almost unlimited plasticity of human behavioural dispositions. Why are we nonetheless able to interact successfully? This book clai...

Since Bennett, Draper, and Frith published a paper in this journal in 2000 considering the possible criminalisation of HIV transmission, an important legal development has taken place. February 2001 saw the first successful United Kingdom prosecution for the sexual transmission of disease for over a century, when Stephen Kelly was convicted in Glasgow of recklessly injuring his former girlfrien...

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