The description of Th1 and Th2 T cell subsets rationalized the inverse correlation between humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Although Th1 cells were described to support cell-mediated immune responses, their role in supporting certain B cell responses was firmly established. However, there is now a prevailing preconception that provision of B cell help is entirely the domain of Th2 cells and ...

The differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into T helper type 1 (Th1) cells is driven by interleukin (IL)-12 through the IL-12 receptor beta2 (IL-12Rbeta2) chain, whereas differentiation into Th2 cells is driven by IL-4, which downregulates IL-12Rbeta2 chain. We reexamined such differentiation using IL-12Rbeta2 chain transgenic mice. We found that CD4(+) T cells from such mice were able to different...

background: the alteration of th1 and th2 cytokine levels is the subject of controversy in pleural effusions caused by malignancy, a situation that favors a th2 immune response. objective: to examine the different levels of il-4 and il-10 (th2 cytokines), and il-2 and interferon-γ (ifn-γ) (th1 cytokines) in malignant and non-malignant pleural effusions. method: the cytokine levels in pleural fl...

the differential activation of th1 and th2 cells using mafosfamide (mafo) was investigated in vitro in a rat model of alloreactivity. the results of this study are compatible with the hypothesis that mafo, like its parent compound cyclophosphamide, is selectively active against th2-type t-helper cells when administered at low doses (

CD4+ T cells have been recently divided into two subsets. The functions of these subsets are thought to be distinct: one subset (Th1) is responsible for delayed type hypersensitivity responses and another (Th2) is primarily responsible for induction of antibody synthesis. To more precisely define the roles of both subsets in humoral immune responses, we examined the ability of a panel of nomina...

Itk and Txk/Rlk are Tec family kinases expressed in T cells. Itk is expressed in both Th1 and Th2 cells. By contrast, Txk is preferentially expressed in Th1 cells. Although Itk is required for Th2 responses in vivo and Txk is suggested to regulate IFN-gamma expression and Th1 responses, it remains unclear whether these kinases have distinct roles in Th cell differentiation/function. We demonstr...

An orally active antiallergic agent, M50367, skews the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1 dominance by suppressing naive Th cell differentiation into Th2 cells in vitro. Administration results in the suppression of IgE synthesis and peritoneal eosinophilia in vivo. In this report, we determined that M50354 (an active metabolite of M50367) was a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR); the immuno...

The protein kinase encoded by the Tpl2 proto-oncogene regulates ERK activation and cytokine gene expression in macrophages in response to LPS and TNF-alpha. In this study we show that OVA-immunized Tpl2(-/-) mice express high levels of IgE and develop more severe bronchoalveolar eosinophilic inflammation than Tpl2(+/+) controls, when challenged with OVA intranasally. Bronchoalveolar exudates an...

Neonatal exposure to antigen is believed to result in T cell clonal inactivation or deletion. Here we report that, contrary to this notion, neonatal injection of BALB/c mice with a hen egg lysozyme peptide 106-116 in putative "tolergenic" doses induced a T cell proliferative and an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (Ab) response of both T helper cell 1 (Th1)- (IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG 3) and Th2-dep...

Immune responses may be qualitatively distinct depending on whether Th1 or Th2 cells predominate at the site of Ag exposure. T cell subset-specific expression of ligands for vascular selectins may underlie the distinct patterns of recruitment of Th1 or Th2 cells to peripheral inflammatory sites. Here we examine the regulation of selectin ligand expression during murine T helper cell differentia...