The development of Th17 cells is accompanied by the acquisition of responsiveness to both IL-12 and IL-23, cytokines with established roles in the development and/or function of Th1 and Th17 cells, respectively. IL-12 signaling promotes antigen-dependent Th1 differentiation but, in combination with IL-18, allows the antigen-independent perpetuation of Th1 responses. On the other hand, while IL-...

Helper T (Th) cells regulate immune responses by producing various cytokines upon antigen stimulation. Helper T cells can be divided into two subsets, Th1 and Th2 [2]. The Th1 cells are responsible for defense against infectious intracellular microorganisms. The Th2 cells are responsible for defense against extracellular pathogens and the development of allergic immune reactions. The SOCS famil...

Protective Th1 responses to Salmonella enterica do not develop in the absence of B cells. Using chimeric mice, we dissect the early (innate) and late (cognate) contributions of B cells to Th programming. B cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling is required for primary effector Th1 development, whereas Ag-specific BCR-mediated Ag presentation is necessary for the development of memory Th1 populations. P...

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in many regions of Iran, including the city of Mashhad. In recent years, some cases have not responded to Glucantime, the usual treatment for this disease. The cellular immune response caused by T-helper type 1 (Th1) cells has an important role in protection against leishmaniasis, and activation of the T-helper type 2 (Th2) response caus...

The polarization of TH1 or TH2 responses by dendritic cells (DCs) requires distinct maturation conditions. Our data indicate that quantitative differences in DC maturation dictate a TH1 or TH2-cell polarization outcome. We discuss how chromatin remodeling at DC loci coding for pro-inflammatory vs. polarizing cytokines may explain differential TH-cell polarization.

C D4 ϩ T cells secreting restricted Th1 and Th2 patterns of cytokines differentially regulate infectious diseases and autoimmunity (1). Production of the Th1-specific cyto-kines, IFN-␥ and TNF␤, is required for clearance or control of many viral and protozoan infections, but the inflammatory reactions caused by these cytokines may mediate tissue destruction in autoimmune diseases such as rheuma...

Introduction Trypanosoma evansi parasite infections cause a chronic animal wasting disease called Surra, and cases of atypical Human Trypanosomosis (aHT). In experimental models, T. are hallmarked by the early onset excessive inflammation. Therefore, balancing production inflammatory cytokines anti-inflammatory IL-10 is crucial for prolonged survival. Methods To improve understanding trypanosom...

Abstract Background Ustekinumab is a humanized antibody to p40 subunit shared by the cytokines IL-12 and IL-23, which has been approved for treatment of Crohn’s disease. While it presumed derive clinical efficacy blocking ability these stimulate specific T cell subsets, its actual effect upon human immune system not well-described. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cryopres...

OBJECTIVE Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients had major trauma during surgery, which thus necessitates optimal choice of anesthesia drugs. The specific selection of anesthesia agents may affect body immune system. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the anesthesia effect of propofol and dexmedetomidine on the rat SCI and their effects of Th1/Th2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Improved ALLEN's pou...

Allergic and other immune-mediated diseases are complex disease states determined by interplay between host genetics and environmental factors. Environmental changes such as fewer infections and reduced exposure to microbial products have been suggested to have led to insufficient regulation of Th1 and Th2 immune responses, causing an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases. The objective ...