this paper first focuses on the necessity of cooperation among human beings, and then offers objective and subjective reasons for higher cooperation among human beings compared to animals. the paper tries to proove that cooperation precedes war and is more normal than the latter. ln fact, the history of war and conflict both is shorter than the war in human societies, and more exceptional. war,...

The purpose of this study was to compare symptoms of PTSD among war affected people and employees in the fire station. Totally, 60 people affected by war and 60 fire workers were selected using simple random sampling. By completing PCL inventory, samples of PTSD were characterized. Data was analysed through SPSS software by independent t-test. As the results showed, severity of PTSD symptoms am...

This paper addresses the post-war reconstruction experience of Qasr-e-Shirin, Iran, in the aftermath of the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). Compared with the war-damaged cities in southwest Iran, western cities such as Qasr-e-Shirin lack a post-war reconstruction assessment and documentation. With an objective view, the author aims at documenting the situation of the city almost thirty years after i...

The war on terrorism will have lasted seven years by September 2008, making it much longer than the American Civil War or World War II. Current American national security and military strategy documents, in fact, frame this war as a protracted struggle, one which may see persistent conflict lasting several decades. Despite the duration of this war, the US government has not yet exhibited a grea...

Despite some ambiguous periods in Russia’s history, its record in affirming the foundations of humanism in international relations is unquestionable. The new democratic Russia, which is faithful to traditions of humanism and mercy, is making strong efforts to defend victims of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The experience of the international community in combating genocide,...

the relation of diplomacy and military strategy or the relation of politicians and military officials and their effect on different decisions relating to the war has been one of the debateful issues regarding the iran-iraq war. the writer has discussed some issues related to 598 resolution and iran's diplomacy weaknesses during the war.

* Prepared in the Division of Finance and Economic Studies, Bureau of Research and Statistics. Use of variable rates of social insurance contributions in preventing a decline in consumer purchasing power and hence in employment is one of the methods advocated by the British Government in its proposed plan for maintaining high employment after the war. The following article outlines briefly that...

Background: Folk beliefs include myths, stories, poems, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs about luck and sore eyes, mother lullabies, indigenous carols, mirrors, rituals and traditions, and are always full of spirit. With tyranny and blackness and perseverance against oppression. The themes in the folk poems of Khuzestan about the war express the background of oral literatur...

I estimate two factor models of Swiss exchange rates during the First World War. I have data for five of the primary belligerents: Britain, France, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. At the outbreak of the war, these nations suspended convertibility of their currencies into gold with the promise that after the war each would restore convertibility at the old par. However, once convertibility ...