this paper is a farsi translation of the first chapter of thesecond edition of “theory and methods in politicalscience” edited by david marsh and gerry stoker. thischapter was not included in the first edition of the bookpreviously translated by haj yoosefi. the new edition hasmajor differences with the previous one and the otherchapters in the book are written on the basis of the approachexpla...

Will computers ever be conscious? Is it appropriate—correct, illuminating, ethical—to understand people in computational terms? Will quantum, dna, or nanocomputers radically alter our conception of computation? How will computing affect science, the arts, intellectual history? I have never known how to answer these questions, because I have never been sure what computation is. More than twenty-...

We compare certain trains of thought in philosophy of mind and artificial intelligence which lead to a remarkable convergence of ideas. Demands from philosophy that psychological theories have predictive power join with demands from artificial intelligence that machines adaptively maintain their own mental state to suggest a conception of minds as narrowly realized psychological theories. We us...

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This paper summarizes the theory of aesthetics that comes from the new foundations for geometry developed in my books. The new geometric foundations are based on two principles: (1) maximizing transfer of structure, (2) maximizing recoverability of the generative operations. According to the foundations, these are the two basic principles of aesthetics. This paper shows that the two principles ...

Studies of culturally-based phenomena within neuroscientifi c frameworks represent one of the most dynamic tendencies in contemporary cognitive science. They have provided the foundations of social neuroscience, which comprise studies on brain correlates of social cognition, abilities , and disabilities (Cacioppo, 2002), and have contributed to the consolidation of evolutionary neuroscience as ...