The long-standing interaction of philosophy and medicine has assumed to be as follows: great physicians have been also philosophers, so there is a relationship between medicine and philosophy. In this paper, based on philosophical modeling, essentials of interaction for medicine and philosophy are presented. First, brief descriptions of two models of medicine-philosophy interaction are presente...

The social Islamic movement, today known as ‘Fathullah Gulen’ (Khoja Afandi) who is a Turkish philosopher living in the U.S, is the continuation, or in other words, the subgroup of  “Norjiah” Group. In fact, Gulen and his views to social Islam with regard to religion and government are specifically important due to his attempt to theorize secularism using Islamic principles and put it against p...