al contours of American social inequality have been transformed by the rapid growth in the prison and jail population.1 America’s prisons and jails have produced a new social group, a group of social outcasts who are joined by the shared experience of incarceration, crime, poverty, racial minority, and low education. As an outcast group, the men and women in our penal institutions have little a...

defining the scope of criminal law and legitimated level ofintervention through criminal law over the rights and freedom ofcitizens as the most serious kind of such intervention, is a complicatedand difficult matter. the principle of criminal law as the last and theleast resort as a basic principle of this knowledge, technique andinstrument of social control, as emphasizes upon the destructiver...

This paper aims to examine the death penalty in Zoroastrianism, the Quran, and the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran. By studying antient Zoroastrian texts, we face a variety of crimes and punishments such as murder, robbery, adultery, magic, rape, and assault that were always considered to be the worst offenses. Zoroastrian religious scholars wrote books on crimes and their punishment in th...

In repeated matching games trigger strategies and simple optimal penal codes are not equilibria unless strong informational assumptions are made. If only local information is used by the strategy and other weak information ‡ows are allowed both strategies fail.