High quality institutions, such as rule of law, bureaucratic quality, freedom from government expropriation, and freedom from government repudiation of contracts, mitigate the adverse economic consequences of ethnic fractionalization identified by Easterly and Levine 1997 and others. In countries with sufficiently good institutions, ethnic diversity does not lower growth or worsen economic poli...

The eighteenth century Atlantic world can be understood as a world of entangled spaces. It constituted a web of places where different cultural geographies overlapped, of entrance points for cultural transfers and interconnected networks for information and the flow of commodities. Different ethnic and religious communities and material cultures were simultaneously present in the same localitie...

Socially shared representations of history have been important in creating, maintaining and changing a people's identity. Their management and negotiation are central to interethnic and international relations. We present a narrative framework to represent how collectively significant events become (selectively) incorporated in social representations that enable positioning of ethnic, national ...

This paper explains the development of affiliative ethnic identity: an individual identity rooted in knowledge, regular consumption and deployment of an ethnic culture that is unconnected to an individual’s ethnic ancestry until that individual regards herself, and may be regarded by others, as an affiliate of a particular ethnic group. While ethnic culture remains identifiably linked to a part...

muslim philosophers have since their long history encountered lots of severe surges of doubts and oppositions, so they did their best to remove them all through deep investigation which brought about the progress of islamic philosophy both in quantity and quality. muslim philosophers were sometimes challenged by such questions as, determinism, the temporal creation of the world, the otherness o...

We examine how a manager’s ethnic cultural background affects managers’ communication with investors. Using a sample of earnings conference calls transcripts with 26,430 executives from 42 countries, we find that managers from ethnic groups that have a more individualistic culture (i) use a more optimistic tone, (ii) exhibit greater self-reference, and (iii) make fewer apologies in their disclo...

background : human wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hwjmscs) express liver-specific markers such as albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratin-19, cytokeratin-18, and glucose-6-phosphatase. therefore, they can be considered as a good source for cell replacement therapy for liver diseases. this study aimed to evaluate the effects of various culture systems on the hepatocyte-specific gene exp...

the human being attitudes, customs and their style of life are explained through their musical system design. so far the music is a part of the culture, therefore, to understand a culture one should also consider musical aspect of that culture. the human being attitudes, customs and their style of life are explained through their musical system design. so far the music is a part of the culture,...